The effect of milk substitute concentration upon the intake, digestion and growth of calves

Ternouth, J. H.; Stobo, I. J. F.; Roy, J. H. B.; Beattie, A. W.

doi:10.1017/s000335610002780x

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations.…”

contrasting

confidence: 66%

“…The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.…”

contrasting

confidence: 66%

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The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

Ternouth¹,

Stobo²,

Roy³

et al. 1985

Anim. Sci.

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1985). The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations.Thirty-two British Friesian calves were individually offered milk substitutes ad libitum twice daily for 12 weeks. The milks were reconstituted to contain 170, 200, 230 or 260 g dry matter (DM) per kg, using spray-dried skim milk powder and homogenized fat-filled powder containing 500 g fat per kg. Drinking water was available ad libitum at all times. The last two blocks of four calves were used to measure the digestibility, absorption and retention of the constituents of the diets at 2, 6 and 11 weeks of age.The DM intakes of the calves given the four diets were variable but generally increased with increasing DM concentration, mean values being 61-5, 59-5, 66-0 and 73-3 g DM per kg M" 75 . As the calves increased in age, their intakes decreased from 67-3 g DM per kg M" 75 at 2 weeks of age to 61-1 g DM per kg M 075 at 8 weeks of age.The higher DM concentrations and intakes were associated with the higher rates of weight gain; the mean live weights at 12 weeks of age being 121-8, 123-9, 135-3 and 141-6 kg for the calves offered milks reconstituted at 170, 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg respectively.The concentration of the DM had no effect upon the coefficients of digestion or absorption nor on the retention of energy, protein, calcium or phosphorus. The digestibility of protein increased, whilst the absorption and retention of Ca and P declined with age.Intake of drinking water did not change with age, but was higher for calves given the milk containing 260 g DM per kg than for those given the other three concentrations. The total water intakes were similar for the calves given milks containing 200, 230 and 260 g DM per kg.The linear relationship of DM intake to DM concentration of the milk substitute suggested a lower level of intake in the present experiment, than was observed in a previous experiment (Ternouth, Stobo, Roy and Beattie, 1985b) when the milk concentrations were lower and drinking water was not available. When the concentrations of the DM were re-calculated to take into account the quantity of drinking water consumed, the relationships between DM intake and adjusted DM concentration for the two experiments were similar.

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contrasting

confidence: 66%

contrasting

confidence: 66%

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

Ternouth¹,

Stobo²,

Roy³

et al. 1985

Anim. Sci.

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…Preliminary trials indicated that the YAF would not have survived on chopped oaten hay alone (see Munn and Dawson, 2003a). Assuming a milk-DM digestibility of 95% (Penning et al, 1977;Roy, 1980;Ternouth et al, 1985), the apparent digestibility of DM from the chopped oaten hay alone (i.e. excluding milk) by the YAF kangaroos was just 34.2±3.1%, significantly lower than that by weaned or adult kangaroos (Table·3).…”

Section: Forage Intake and Apparent Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forage fibre digestion, rates of feed passage and gut fill in juvenile and adult red kangaroosMacropus rufusDesmarest: why body size matters

Munn

Dawson

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Using red kangaroos Macropus rufus Desmarest, a large (>20 kg)marsupial herbivore, we compared the digestive capabilities of juveniles with those of mature, non-lactating females on high-quality forage (chopped lucerne Medicago sativa hay) of 43±1% neutral-detergent fibre (NDF)and poorer quality, high-fibre forage (chopped oaten Avena sativahay) of 64±1% NDF. On chopped lucerne apparent dry matter (DM)digestibilities by young-at-foot (YAF) red kangaroos (an age that would normally be taking some milk from their mother), weaned juveniles and mature females were similar (55–59%). On chopped oaten hay apparent DM digestibility was lower in the YAF (35.9±2.3%) followed by weaned(43.4±2.8%) and mature females (44.6±1%). The digestion of NDF and its components (mainly cellulose and hemicellulose) was lowest among the YAF followed by weaned and then mature females. The YAF and weaned kangaroos could not sustain growth on the poor-quality diet, and appeared to be at or near maximal gut fill on both forages; the values being 114–122 g DM for YAF and 151–159 g DM for weaned kangaroos. Mean retention times (MRT) of particle and solute markers were significantly longer for the YAF and weaned kangaroos on oaten hay than on lucerne hay, and DM intake (g d–1) was ∼50% lower on the oaten hay. In contrast, solute and particle MRTs in the mature females were not significantly affected by diet; they maintained DM intakes by increasing DM gut fill from 264±24 g on chopped lucerne to 427±26 g DM on chopped oaten hay. Clearly, the mature female kangaroos did not maximise gut fill on the high-quality forage,presumably as a consequence of their proportionally lower energy requirements compared with still-growing juveniles. Overall, we have provided the first mechanistic link between the physiological constraints faced by juvenile red kangaroos in relation to their drought-related mortalities, rainfall and forage quality.

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“…However, as noted above, the YAF also received a small amount of artificial milk with the chopped oaten hay. Assuming a milk-N digestibility of 95% (Penning et al 1977;Roy 1980;Ternouth et al 1985), the apparent digestibility of N by the YAF from the oaten forage alone was just , significantly lower than that 33% ‫ע‬ 7% by the weaned or mature female kangaroos ( ; Table 4). P !…”

Section: Dietary N Intake Apparent N Digestibility and N Balancementioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, P 1 0.05 the YAF on this diet also received artificial milk (80 mL d Ϫ1 ), because preliminary trials indicated that the YAF would not have survived on chopped oaten hay alone (see Munn and Dawson 2003b). Assuming a milk-DM digestibility of 95% (Penning et al 1977;Roy 1980;Ternouth et al 1985), the apparent digestibility of the DM from the chopped oaten hay forage (without milk) by the YAF was just , signif-34% ‫ע‬ 2% icantly lower than that by weaned or adult kangaroos (Table 3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion by Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus): Effects of Animal Age and Forage Quality

Munn

Dawson²,

Hume³

2006

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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). Endogenous nitrogen excretion by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus): Effects of animal age and forage quality. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 79 (2), 424-436. Endogenous nitrogen excretion by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus): Effects of animal age and forage quality AbstractRed kangaroos (Macropus rufus) are large (>20 kg) herbivorous marsupials common to arid and semiarid Australia. The population dynamics of red kangaroos are linked with environmental factors, operating largely through juvenile survival. A crucial period is the young-at-foot (YAF) stage, when juveniles have permanently left the mother's pouch but still take milk from a teat in the pouch. Forage quantity and quality have been implicated in drought-related mortalities of juvenile kangaroos. Here we compared how forage quality affected nitrogen (N) intake and excretion by YAF, weaned, and mature, non-lactating female red kangaroos. On highquality forage ( chopped lucerne hay, Medicago sativa) low in neutral-detergent fiber (43% +/-1%) and high in N (2.9% +/-0.1%), YAF and weaned kangaroos had ideal growth rates and retained 460-570 mg dietary N kg(-0.75) d(-1). But on poor-quality forage ( chopped oaten hay, Avena sativa) high in neutral-detergent fiber (64% +/-1%) and low in N (0.9% +/-0.1%), YAF and weaned kangaroos could not sustain growth and were in negative N balance at -103 +/-26 mg and -57 +/-31 mg N kg(-0.75) d(-1), respectively. Notably, the YAF kangaroos excreted 64% of their truly digestible N intake from forage as nondietary fecal N (NDFN). By weaning age, the situation had improved, but the juveniles still lost 40% of their truly digestible N intake as NDFN compared with only 30% by the mature females. Our findings support field observations that forage quality, and not just quantity, is a major factor affecting the mortality of juvenile red kangaroos during drought. ABSTRACTRed kangaroos (Macropus rufus) are large (120 kg) herbivorous marsupials common to arid and semiarid Australia. The population dynamics of red kangaroos are linked with environmental factors, operating largely through juvenile survival. A crucial period is the young-at-foot (YAF) stage, when juveniles have permanently left the mother's pouch but still take milk from a teat in the pouch. Forage quantity and quality have been implicated in drought-related mortalities of juvenile kangaroos. Here we compared how forage quality affected nitrogen (N) intake and excretion by YAF, weaned, and mature, nonlactating female red kangaroos. On high-quality forage (chopped lucerne hay, Medicago sativa) low in neutral-detergent fiber ( ) and high in N ( ), YAF and 43% ‫ע‬ 1% 2.9% ‫ע‬ 0.1% weaned kangaroos had ideal growth rates and retained 460-570 mg dietary N kg Ϫ0.75 d Ϫ1 . But on poor-quality forage (chopped oaten hay, Avena sativa) high in neutral-detergent fiber ( ) and low in N ( ), YAF and 64% ‫ע‬ 1% 0.9% ‫ע‬ 0.1% weaned kangaroos could not sustain growth and were in negative N balance at mg and mg N kg Ϫ0.75 Ϫ103 ‫ע‬ 26 Ϫ57 ‫ע‬ 31 d Ϫ1 , respectively. Notably,...

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The effect of milk substitute concentration upon the intake, digestion and growth of calves

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

The live-weight gain and dry-matter and water intakes of calves offered milk substitute diets at high concentrations

Forage fibre digestion, rates of feed passage and gut fill in juvenile and adult red kangaroosMacropus rufusDesmarest: why body size matters

Endogenous Nitrogen Excretion by Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus): Effects of Animal Age and Forage Quality

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