The Effect of Monomycin and Gentamycin Sulfate on Growth of Promastigotes of Leishmania Under In Vitro Conditions

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is one of the 10 most important infectious diseases in the world, including the three diseases for which the development of vaccines, drugs, and insecticides is difficult to tackle. Despite over a century of efforts made in the field, no suitable vaccine, medicine, or insecticide has been introduced for the disease to date. In this survey, we intended to evaluate the immunity responses against Excretory-Secretory and Lysate Antigens purified from Leishmania major. Methods: A sufficient amount of L. major [MRHO/IR/75/ER] was first cultured in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle (NNN) and RPMI 1640 media in the in vitro environment. Once peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were prepared, they were cultured with antigens in a 5% CO2 incubator, and their supernatant was then measured using the interleukin-4 (IL4) and interferon-γ (INF)-γ the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: An average concentration of IL4 and INF-γ of the cell culture containing phytohaemagglutinin showed a significant difference between the average concentration of these two cytokines in the cell culture of all antigens (P<0.05), but it indicated insignificant difference between the antigens (P>0.05). Conclusion: Since the larger the immunogenic and protective components are exposed to the human immune system, the more concrete the results will be, investigations should thus be conducted at the cellular and even molecular levels. Moreover, the antigen used should be a conjugation of adjuvants, immunogens, and proliferators of macrophages to provide sufficient stimulation of the immune system against the Leishmania parasite.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Immunity Responses Against Excretory-Secretory and Lysate Antigens Purified from Leishmania major

Fattahi Bafghi,

Mozayan,

Emtiazi

et al. 2023

“…Such information could also offer priceless insights into how parasites and hosts interact (71)(72)(73). New approaches to designing and manufacturing innovative epitope-based vaccinations have been made possible by increased bioinformatic tool expertise and advancements in recombinant DNA technology (74)(75)(76). The least immunogenic component of any antigenic determinant (epitope) can elicit a particular immune response (77)(78)(79).…”

Section: Epitope-based Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review of Tick-Born Blood Protozoan Disease in Cattle: Babesiosis and Vaccination

Rehman Khalid,

Rahman,

Munir

et al. 2023

Babesiosis is a tick-borne blood protozoan cattle disease caused by the genus Babesia worldwide and in tropical and subtropical regions. It is mainly caused by Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina in cattle. When merozoites enter the erythrocyte, the surface coat of B. bigemina produces many merozoite surface antigens. This study is a comprehensive review of the "Tick-Borne Blood Protozoan Cattle Disease: Babesiosis and Vaccination" survey. There is a need to develop effective vaccines to control bovine babesiosis (BB) under field conditions because of the development of drug resistance against it. B. bigemina live-attenuated vaccine is available in the form of infected red blood cells (RBCs) in Australia and Israel, which has the danger of disseminating exotic DNA to other countries. A recombinant protein-based vaccine is a good choice to be developed, but very few immunogens have been explored yet to launch vaccination against B. bigemina. It is concluded from this study that secretory proteins were characterized, and the 65 kDa protein was found to be immunogenic. Major surface protein (gp45) was found to be antigenic and immunogenic when sera samples of infected and vaccinated calves were screened. The multiepitope-based protein rec-gpME was expressed, and the calves were vaccinated. The vaccinated calves had higher humoral and CTL responses. This rec-gpME could be a potential vaccine candidate against the B. bigemina infection. This rec-gpME would be tested on cattle under field conditions in Pakistan in the future.

“…A combination of DNA vaccines and cysteine protease I and II vaccines was used in dogs against L. infantum and resulted in remarkable prevention in these animals (37,38).…”

Section: Deris Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmania Vaccines: A Narrative Review on Last Decade Developments

Deris

Delavari

Hooshyar

2022

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan disease transferred by the sting of a female sandfly. Currently, both cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis (VL) are observed in Iran. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is reported in 18 provinces in the country in rural (zoonotic) and urban (anthroponotic) forms. VL is endemic in some areas of Iran. Various drugs are used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, but due to created challenges such as high toxicity, side effects, prolongation, and drug resistance, the process of curing will face problems. The prevention of infection is also costly. One of the best ways to control the disease is to find an effective vaccine. The efficient vaccine will cause long-term immunity and simultaneously breaks the disease transmission chain. This study aimed to review different types of existing vaccines, along with those in trials. It was found that multi anti-gene vaccines created the best immunity against the parasite and could be more successful. Developments in genetic engineering and release systems have raised hope to achieve the vaccines soon.