The Effect of Moonlight on Observation of Cloud Cover at Night, and Application to Cloud Climatology

Hahn, Carole J.; Warren, Stephen G.; London, Julius

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1429:teomoo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 214 publications

(198 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The cloud fraction maximum occurs in September when the snow and sea ice fractions are lowest. The seasonal variation of the Arctic cloud fraction is qualitatively in agreement with the cloud fraction derived from AVHRR polar pathfinder data [Wang and Key, 2005a] and surface observations [Hahn et al, 1995]. The cloud fraction derived by International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) [Schiffer and Rossow, 1983] over the Arctic for the same four-year period shows no seasonal cycle and that derived from TOVS [Schweiger et al, 2002] has more clouds in winter than in summer.…”

Section: Seasonal Variationssupporting

confidence: 81%

Seasonal and interannual variations of top‐of‐atmosphere irradiance and cloud cover over polar regions derived from the CERES data set

Kato¹,

Loeb²,

Minnis³

et al. 2006

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] The daytime cloud fraction derived by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) cloud algorithm using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) radiances over the Arctic from March 2000 through February 2004 increases at a rate of 0.047 per decade. The trend is significant at an 80% confidence level. The corresponding top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave irradiances derived from CERES radiance measurements show less significant trend during this period. These results suggest that the influence of reduced Arctic sea ice cover on TOA reflected shortwave radiation is reduced by the presence of clouds and possibly compensated by the increase in cloud cover. The cloud fraction and TOA reflected shortwave irradiance over the Antarctic show no significant trend during the same period.

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Section: Seasonal Variationssupporting

confidence: 81%

Seasonal and interannual variations of top‐of‐atmosphere irradiance and cloud cover over polar regions derived from the CERES data set

Kato¹,

Loeb²,

Minnis³

et al. 2006

Geophysical Research Letters

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“…The visual estimated wave data have been processed and summarised for the global ocean (Gulev and Grigorieva, 2006). Similarly, a widely used climate research cloud data product, the Extended Edited Synoptic Cloud Reports from Ships and Land Stations Over the Globe (EECRA) (Hahn et al, 1995(Hahn et al, , 1999, has been created.…”

Section: Community Data Products Derived From Icoads Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ship, buoy). Updates and extensions (issuance year) Release 1 Slutz et al (1985), Woodruff et al (1987Woodruff et al ( ) 1854Woodruff et al ( -1979Woodruff et al ( (1985Woodruff et al ( ) 1980Woodruff et al ( -1991Woodruff et al ( (1987Woodruff et al ( -1992 Release 1a Woodruff et al (1993) 1980-1992(1993) 1992-1993(1995) b 1990-1995(1997) 1980-1997(1999) Release 1b 1950(1996 (Slutz et al, 1985;Woodruff et al, 1987), 'interim' products, constructed using simplified procedures and preliminary input data, were first issued in 1987 (covering 1980-1986) and then extended, on an approximately annual basis, to finally cover 1980-1991. b Woodruff et al (1993 …”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive

Woodruff

Worley

Lubker

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

435

324

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Release 2.5 of the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) is a major update (covering 1662-2007) of the world's most extensive surface marine meteorological data collection. Building on extensive national and international partnerships, many new and improved contributing datasets have been processed into a uniform format and combined with the previous Release 2.4. The new data range from early non-instrumental ship observations to measurements initiated in the twentieth century from buoys and other automated platform types. Improvements to existing data include replacing preliminary Global Telecommunication System (GTS) receipts with more reliable, delayed mode reports for post-1997 data, and in the processing and quality control (QC) of humidity observations. Over the entire period of record, spatial and temporal coverage has been enriched and data and metadata quality has been improved. Along with the observations, now updated monthly in near real time, Release 2.5 includes quality-controlled monthly summary products for 2°latitude × 2°longitude (since 1800) and 1°× 1°boxes (since 1960), together with multiple options for access to the data and products. The measured and estimated data in Release 2.5 are subject to many technical changes, multiple archive sources, and historical events throughout the more than three-century record. Some of these data characteristics are highlighted, including known unresolved errors and inhomogeneities, which may impact climate and other research applications. Anticipated future directions for ICOADS aim to continue adding scientific value to the observations, products, and metadata, as well as strengthen the cooperative enterprise through expanded linkages to international initiatives and organisations.

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“…Such obscured data are converted in this study to 100% cloud cover. In addition, cloud cover observations at night are affected by moonlight (Hahn et al, 1995). Therefore, it is better in a future study that the night-time data for an obscured sky are discarded, and all night-time data will be referenced to moonlit periods.…”

Section: Objective Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

Ishii¹,

Shouji²,

Sugimoto³

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

592

380

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Data for the 20th century from the International Comprehensive Ocean and Atmosphere Data Set and the Kobe Collection have been used as input data for global objective analyses of sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and other marine meteorological variables. This study seeks a better understanding of the historical marine meteorological data and an evaluation of the quality of the data in the Kobe Collection. Objective analyses yield gridded data that are less noisy than observed data, which facilitates handling of historical data. The observed data determine the quality of the objective analyses, and quality control specified for historical data is incorporated into the objective analysis to reduce artificial errors. The objective analyses are based on optimum interpolation and reconstruction with empirical orthogonal functions. The final database produced in this study not only contains analysed values, but also analysis errors and data distributions at each time step of the objective analyses.The analysis database contains ample information on historical observations, as well as signals of marine climate variations during the century. Time series of global mean marine temperatures and cloud cover include trends linked to global warming, and local peaks appear commonly in all the time series around the 1940s. Sea-level pressure and seasurface wind fields show significant linear trends at high latitudes and over the North Pacific Ocean respectively. These trends seem to be artificial. An SST analysis used widely in climatological studies was verified against HadISST from the Hadley Centre and an SST analysis derived from satellite and in situ observations. El Niño and southern oscillation indices for the century are successfully reproduced, even though observations in the tropics are much rarer before 1950 than after 1950.

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The Effect of Moonlight on Observation of Cloud Cover at Night, and Application to Cloud Climatology

Cited by 214 publications

References 14 publications

Seasonal and interannual variations of top‐of‐atmosphere irradiance and cloud cover over polar regions derived from the CERES data set

Seasonal and interannual variations of top‐of‐atmosphere irradiance and cloud cover over polar regions derived from the CERES data set

ICOADS Release 2.5: extensions and enhancements to the surface marine meteorological archive

Objective analyses of sea‐surface temperature and marine meteorological variables for the 20th century using ICOADS and the Kobe Collection

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