The Effect of Muscular Strength on Depression Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Marques, Adilson; Gómez-Baya, Diego; Frasquilho, Diana; Santos, Teresa; Martins, João; Ferrari, Gérson; Matos, Margarida Gaspar de

doi:10.3390/ijerph17165674

Cited by 48 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Muscular fitness was measured through two strength tests to best evaluate for muscular strength and endurance, given the variability of muscular fitness across sexes. Muscular fitness and its inverse association with depressive symptoms have been previously investigated (Marques et al, 2020). This association was also shown in this study after multivariable analysis, showing that participants in the highest subset of muscular fitness demonstrated a BDI-II score lower than participants with low fitness scores.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The association between prior physical fitness and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross-sectional, retrospective study

Dun

Ripley-Gonzalez

Zhou

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a spike in deleterious mental health. This dual-center retrospective cross-sectional study assessed the prevalence of depression in young adults during this pandemic and explored its association with various physical fitness measures. Methods This study enrolled 12,889 (80% female) young adults (mean age 20 ± 1) who performed a National Student Physical Fitness battery from December 1st, 2019, to January 20th, 2020, and completed a questionnaire including Beck’s Depression Inventory in May 2020. Independent associations between prior physical fitness and depression during the pandemic were assessed using multivariable linear and binary logistic regressions accordingly, covariates including age, dwelling location, economic level, smoking, alcohol, living status, weight change, and exercise volume during the pandemic. Sex- and baseline stress-stratified analyses were performed. Results Of the study population 13.9% of men and 15.0% of women sampled qualified for a diagnosis of depression. After multivariable adjustment, anaerobic (mean change 95% CI −3.3 [−4.8 to 1.8]) aerobic (−1.5 [−2.64 to −0.5]), explosive (−1.64 [−2.7 to −0.6]) and muscular (−1.7 [−3.0 to −0.5]) fitness were independently and inversely associated with depression for the overall population. These remained consistent after sex- and baseline stress-stratification. In binary logistic regression, the combined participants with moderate, high or excellent fitness also showed a much lower risk compared to those least fit in anaerobic (odd ratio (OR) 95% CI 0.68 [0.55–0.82]), aerobic (0.80 [0.68–0.91]), explosive (0.72 [0.61–0.82]), and muscular (0.66 [0.57–0.75]) fitness. Conclusions These findings suggest that prior physical fitness may be inversely associated with depression in young adults during a pandemic.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The association between prior physical fitness and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross-sectional, retrospective study

Dun

Ripley-Gonzalez

Zhou

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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“…A recent systematic review of 21 studies on the effect of muscular strength on depressive symptoms 5 included data from 11 cross‐sectional studies that reported associations between depressive symptoms and low HGS 16–26 and one that detected no association 27 . Two of the included studies found that the associations were evident in women but not men, 21,23 confirming previously observed sex dimorphism 28 and found in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…There have also been efforts to identify and optimize diagnostic cutpoints according to their ability to discriminate poor physical function. Extant literature demonstrates an association between poor physical and mental health 5,6 . It is thus feasible that psychological well‐being could affect physical performance, yet there has been no consideration of how symptoms of depression and anxiety might influence the selection of criteria and cutpoints for identifying sarcopenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational definitions of sarcopenia should consider depressive symptoms

Pasco

Sui

West

et al. 2021

JCSM Clinical Reports

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BackgroundOriginally, sarcopenia meant ‘poverty of flesh’, but recent operational definitions have brought poor muscle function to the fore. None has considered psychological well‐being. We compared muscle function components of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People Version 2 (EWGSOP2), the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), and the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) algorithms for individuals with and without depressive and anxiety symptoms.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study involved 348 women and 343 men (ages 60–96 years) from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores for depression and anxiety ≥8 indicated depressive and anxiety symptoms. Measures included handgrip strength (HGS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG). Chi‐squared test identified inter‐group differences, and multivariable logistic regression identified poor muscle function in association with depressive or anxiety symptoms.ResultsTwenty‐nine (8.3%) women and 28 (8.2%) men had depressive symptoms, and 83 (23.9%) women and 41 (12.0%) men had anxiety symptoms. For women, proportions with low HGS were greater for those with vs. without depressive symptoms according to EWGSOP2 and FNIH (37.9% vs. 10.7%) and SDOC (51.7% vs. 26.7%); low HGS/body mass index (44.8% vs. 15.7%); and slow TUG (12.5% vs. 1.4%) (all P ≤ 0.011). In age‐adjusted models, women with depressive symptoms were two‐fold to five‐fold more likely to have low HGS by EWGSOP2 and FNIH {odds ratio [OR] 4.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.83–12.45]} and SDOC [OR 2.59 (95% CI 1.10–6.07)], low HGS/body mass index [OR 3.92 (95% CI 1.69–9.07)], and 11‐fold more likely to have a slow TUG [OR 10.99 (95% CI 2.03–59.7)]. For men, a difference for low HGS for those with depressive symptoms was detected only for SDOC (64.3% vs. 40.0%, P = 0.013), but this was explained by age [OR 1.99 (95% CI 0.84–4.71)]. No differences were detected for anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsOperational definitions should consider depressive symptoms, at least in women, at the time of muscle function evaluation.

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“…The mechanism for the association between handgrip strength and depression is complicated and has been described in previous studies. 7 , 13 First, low handgrip strength is an indicator of sarcopenia, which is strongly related to adverse outcomes, such as major complications, extended hospital stays, and lower quality 38 of life, thus increasing the likelihood of depression when patients experience these adverse clinical outcomes. A meta-analysis reported that sarcopenia increases the risk of depression (pooled OR=1.821, 95% CI: 1.16–2.85).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 17–19 Meanwhile, a recent meta-analysis showed that muscle strength has a positive impact on reducing depression, with a pooled OR of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.80–0.89). 7 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Handgrip Strength and Depression Among Older Chinese Inpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Zhang¹,

Jiao²,

Cao³

et al. 2021

NDT

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Objective There have been studies exploring the association between handgrip and depression among community-dwelling adults; however, evidence for this association among hospitalized older adults is scarce. We aimed to use a larger-scale population from multiple centers to explore the association between low handgrip strength and depression. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that included hospitalized patients aged 65 years or older from different hospitals in China. Depression was assessed by a short-form Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) with a cutoff value of 5 points or more. Dominant hand handgrip strength was assessed by a dynamometer. A generalized additive model and multivariable regression analysis were conducted. Results There were 9,368 participants, with an average age of 72.4 (SD=5.7) in the final analysis. The prevalence of low handgrip strength and depressive symptoms among older Chinese hospitalized patients was 50.3% and 16.3%, respectively. There seemed to be a nonlinear relationship between handgrip strength and depression, and curve fitting and threshold analyses indicated that when handgrip strength was less than 35.6 kg, the depression risk decreased significantly with increasing handgrip strength. However, this association between handgrip strength and depression was not significant when the handgrip strength was greater than 35.6 kg. In addition, after adjusting for potential confounders, older patients with low handgrip strength had an increased risk of depression compared to those with normal handgrip strength (OR=1.46; 95% CI=1.27–1.68). The subgroup analysis found the results were unchanged. Conclusion Our study indicates that low handgrip strength was associated with a higher risk of depression among older Chinese hospitalized patients, implying that early patient screening for handgrip strength and initiating effective intervention programs, such as resistance training and nutritional supplements, could be helpful for older patients.

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The Effect of Muscular Strength on Depression Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 48 publications

References 55 publications

The association between prior physical fitness and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross-sectional, retrospective study

The association between prior physical fitness and depression in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—a cross-sectional, retrospective study

Operational definitions of sarcopenia should consider depressive symptoms

Handgrip Strength and Depression Among Older Chinese Inpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study

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