The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations

Tenenbaum, Gershon; Lidor, Ronnie; Lavyan, N; Morrow, Kieran; Tonnel, Shirley; Gershgoren, Aaron; Meis, J; Johnson, Michael B.

doi:10.1016/s1469-0292(02)00041-9

Cited by 99 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A parallel processing model proposed by Rejeski predicts that sensations derived from many different sources compete for focal awareness, but the extent to which these sensations are transmitted to aware attentional focus depends on the strength and magnitude of the stimulus [28]. Thus, our results suggest that during self-paced exercise, participants are able to retain a reasonable focus on more pleasant external cues when listening to music during the first part of the race, when metabolic and physiologic perturbations are not a dominant factor generating attentional focus [31]. However, metabolic and physiologic perturbations may become the dominant factor occupying attentional focus at the end of the race.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…1), which suggests that the participants changed their pacing strategy after the distracting effect of music had been removed. These results suggest that the pleasurable external cues provided by music may compete with cues arising from physiological alterations, occupying an important part of information that is consciously perceived to occupy the attentional focus [31]. It has been suggested that there is a link between associative thoughts and RPE, but it still unclear if the direction of attentional focus is the cause or the effect of RPE [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Similarly, Potteiger et al [26] showed that listening to fast upbeat music, classical music or self-selected music results in a reduced peripheral, central, and overall RPE during 20 minutes of exercise at 70% of VO 2peak , when compared with a no-music condition. Tenenbaum et al [31] also reported that music helped participants at the beginning of a run performed at 90% of VO 2max, and seemed to direct their attention to the music, suggesting that may be a consequence of a change in attentional focus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This explanation is known as the parallel processing model of pain, and predicts that while all external and internal sensory stimuli are unconsciously perceived, only some of the information will be consciously perceived due a limited attentional focus capacity [28]. A possible prediction arising from this concept is that pleasurable external cues, such as music, may be able to compete with cues arising from physical exercise, thereby occupying attentional focus and reducing the RPE [31]. Although the effects of music on attentional focus during self-paced exercise have not been fully investigated, it could be expected that listening to music during exercise may draw attentional focus away from internal sensations of fatigue and towards the external environment [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Listening to Music in the First, but not the Last 1.5 km of a 5-km Running Trial Alters Pacing Strategy and Improves Performance

et al. 2012

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We examined the effects of listening to music on attentional focus, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), pacing strategy and performance during a simulated 5-km running race.Fifteen participants performed two controlled trials to establish their best baseline time, followed by two counterbalanced experimental trials during which they listened to music during the first (M start ) or the last (M finish ) 1.5 km. The mean running velocity during the first 1.5-km was significantly higher in M start than in the fastest control condition (p < 0.05), but there was no difference in velocity between conditions during the last 1.5 km (p > 0.05). The faster first 1.5 m in M start was accompanied by a reduction in associative thoughts compared with the fastest control condition. There were no significant differences in RPE between conditions (p > 0.05). These results suggest that listening to music at the beginning of a trial may draw the attentional focus away from internal sensations of fatigue to thoughts about the external environment. However, along with the reduction in associative thoughts and the increase in running velocity while listening to music, the RPE increased linearly and similarly under all conditions, suggesting that the change in velocity throughout the race may be to maintain a same rate of RPE increase.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Listening to Music in the First, but not the Last 1.5 km of a 5-km Running Trial Alters Pacing Strategy and Improves Performance

et al. 2012

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“…For example, Tenenbaum et al (2004) used asynchronous music conditions of rock, dance, and "inspirational music" in apposition to a no-music control. These conditions did not impact upon endurance or perceptions of exertion during a high-intensity running task that was conducted on both a treadmill and on a cross-country course.…”

Section: High-intensity Activity With Asynchronous Musicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

Karageorghis

Hutchinson

Jones

et al. 2013

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Highlights We assess the effects of asynchronous music in a swimming time trial. We had two contrasting music conditions and a no-music control. Participants swam significantly faster when exposed to either music condition. Both music conditions led to significantly higher state motivation. Use of asynchronous music had an ergogenic effect in the order of 2%. Music and Swimming 3 AbstractObjectives: Existing work using dry land exercise-related activities has shown that the careful application of music can lead to a range of benefits that include enhanced affect, lower perceived exertion, greater energy efficiency, and faster time trial performances. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of asynchronous music in swimming using a mixed-methods approach.Design: A mixed-model design was employed wherein there was a within-subjects factor (two experimental conditions and a control) and a between-subjects factor (gender). The experimental component of the study was supplemented by qualitative data that were analysed using inductive content analysis.Methods: Twenty six participants (M age = 20.0 years, age range: 18-23 years) underwent a period of habituation with Speedo Aquabeat MP3 players prior to the experimental phase.They were then administered two experimental trials (motivational and oudeterous music at 130 bpm) and a no-music control, during which they engaged in a 200-m freestyle swimming time trial.Results: Participants swam significantly faster when exposed to either music condition relative to control (p = .022,  p 2 = .18). Moreover, the music conditions were associated with higher state motivation (p = .016,  p 2 = .16) and more dissociative thoughts (p = .014,  p 2 = .16). Conclusions:Findings supported the hypothesis that the use of asynchronous music during a high-intensity task can have an ergogenic effect; this was in the order of 2% when averaged out across the two experimental conditions. The use of music, regardless of its motivational qualities, resulted in higher self-reported motivation as well as more dissociative thoughts. behavior. Psychophysical effects concern the reduction of perceptions of physical effort, which, in the music-related literature, are most often assessed using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Ergogenic effects relate to the use of music to improve physical performance by either delaying fatigue or increasing work capacity; this results in higher-than-expected levels of endurance, power, productivity, or strength (see Terry & Karageorghis, 2011).Extant work has shown that music use is not effective for some people under certain circumstances (e.g., while learning new skills) and might even be contraindicated in some instances (e.g., when it might distract users from safety-relevant information, such as on public roads; see Karageorghis & Priest, 2012a, 2012b for a review). Also, a "vitamin model" wherein a particular piece of music can be prescribed to engender certain perceptual, cognitive, or emotion...

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The Psychology of Athletics

Dosil

2005

The Sport Psychologist's Handbook

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The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations

Cited by 99 publications

References 16 publications

Listening to Music in the First, but not the Last 1.5 km of a 5-km Running Trial Alters Pacing Strategy and Improves Performance

Listening to Music in the First, but not the Last 1.5 km of a 5-km Running Trial Alters Pacing Strategy and Improves Performance

Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming

The Psychology of Athletics

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