The Effect of n-3 PUFA Binding Phosphatidylglycerol on Metabolic Syndrome-Related Parameters and n-3 PUFA Accretion in Diabetic/Obese KK-Ay Mice

Abstract

n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acid binding phospholipids (n-3 PUFA-PLs) are known to be potent carriers of n-3 PUFAs and provide health benefits. We previously prepared n-3 PUFA binding phosphatidylglycerol (n-3 PUFA-PG) by phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation. Because PG has excellent emulsifiability, n-3 PUFA-PG is expected to work as a functional molecule with properties of both PG and n-3 PUFAs. In the present study, the health benefits and tissue accretion of dietary n-3 PUFA-PG were examined in diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice. After a feeding duration over 30 days, n-3 PUFA-PG significantly reduced the total and non-HDL cholesterols in the serum of diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice. In the mice fed n-3 PUFA-PG, but not n-3 PUFA-TAG, hepatic lipid content was markedly alleviated depending on the neutral lipid reduction compared with the SoyPC-fed mice. Further, the n-3 PUFA-PG diet increased eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and reduced arachidonic acid in the small intestine, liver, perirenal white adipose tissue, and brain, and the ratio of the n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in those tissues became lower compared to the SoyPC-fed mice. Especially, the DHA level was more significantly elevated in the brains of n-3 PUFA-PG-fed mice compared to the SoyPC-fed mice, whereas n-3 PUFA-TAG did not significantly alter DHA in the brain. The present results indicate that n-3 PUFA-PG is a functional lipid for reducing serum and liver lipids and is able to supply n-3 PUFAs to KK-Ay mice.

Effects of dietary phytol on tissue accumulation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid and on the tissue lipid profiles in mice

“…Although our gas chromatographic analysis detected a total of 19 fatty acids in the brain, the fatty acid profile of the brain was different from that of other tissues. One notable difference was the large amount of docosahexaenoic acid in both phytol‐fed and control mouse brains (7.3 and 7.9 mg/g, respectively), compared to the low values in adipose tissue (Table 3) and liver (Table 4), similar to previous reports (Chen, Takatani, Beppu, Miyashita, & Hosokawa, 2019). Table 5 shows fatty acids whose contents in the brain were different between groups.…”

Dietary Eicosapentaenoic Acid Containing Phosphoethanolamine Plasmalogens Remodels the Lipidome of White Adipose Tissue and Suppresses High‐Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Mice

“…In fact, there are several studies has been reported the superiority of n-3 PUFA-phospholipids in alleviating obesity-related disorders compared to other lipid forms, such as triacylglycerol, and ethyl esters. [27][28][29] Similarly, we found here that mice supplemented with EPA-PC had lower body weight gain and perirenal WAT weight than EPA-EE. Most surprisingly, EPA-PlsEtn administration completely reversed body weight gain in obese mice, which was even better than the regular-chow diettreated group.…”

Madecassoside Inhibits Body Weight Gain via Modulating SIRT1-AMPK Signaling Pathway and Activating Genes Related to Thermogenesis

“…KKay mice are spontaneous diabetic and obese models that are good for studying the metabolism-related diseases ( 21 , 22 ). As early as 1988, some scholars have found that the effect of thermogenesis in brown fat is involved in obese KKay mice ( 23 ).…”