The effect of n‪icotine on oral health

Abstract

Background: Nicotine absorbed by the skin and also by the digestive, respiratory and excretory systems is one of the most known toxins found in tobacco. This work reviews available literature on the influence of nicotine on human health, and in particular on the oral cavity.Material/Methods: A review of literature related to the topic of the paper. Results:Numerous studies indicate that nicotine adversely affects human health. It exerts a negative effect at the cellular level by modifying metabolism, and disturbs the interactions between tissues, which strongly promotes the formation of cancer-like changes. Nicotine causes numerous pathologies in the respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems leading to a number of metabolic disorders. Conclusions:The intake of nicotine contained in tobacco products has a particularly negative effect on the oral cavity.It accelerates periodontitis, with weaker clinical symptoms associated with resistance to conventional treatment. In addition, nicotine changes the oral cavity microflora, increasing the amount of harmful bacteria and pathogenic fungi.

Association of Polymorphism within the Putative miRNA Target Site in the 3′UTR Region of the DRD2 Gene with Neuroticism in Patients with Substance Use Disorder

“…This issue has been studied extensively. However, studies in the field of mental and general health have proved that they are tied very closely with a relationship with personality traits and environmental psychological factors [ 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 ].…”

Prevalence of oral parameters in smokeless tobacco-associated precancer

“…leukoplakia, pathologic variations in the mucous membrane or tongue, and tumor. It also decreases salivary pH and increases phosphorus-ion concentration resulting in a significant acidic environment and leading to dryness of the mouth, xerostomia, all the above-mentioned factors increase the accumulation of Candida in the oral cavity,[6] otherwise the subjects included in the study group were healthy.…”

“…It also affects microflora of the oral cavity, by increasing the number of destructive bacteria and pathogenic fungi. [6] It mixes with plasma proteins, and attaches to the mucous membrane depending on pH, higher the pH greater the lipophilicity; vigorous resorption by an organic membrane which further causes xerostomia and supports the colonization of Candida . Nicotine also decreases salivary pH by the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus ions, and its addiction is a critical factor in the progress of potentially malignant disorders such as leukoplakia that increases the adherence of Candida fungi in the oral cavity, making lesion more vulnerable to malignant transformation.…”

Cigarette Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among Dental Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…It also has major negative effects on the oral cavity. Evidence suggests that there is an established link between nicotine and oral diseases such as periodontal diseases, candidiasis, precancerous lesions, dry socket, and xerostomia [ 5 ].…”

“…Dental education institutions worldwide have policies to encourage students to introduce tobacco cessation programs to their patients [ 16 ]. Studies have also reported on the willingness of smokers to quit if their dentists recommend it to them [ 5 ]. Tobacco cessation interventions have shown varying degrees of effectiveness in dental care settings [ 17 , 18 ].…”