The Effect of Nano Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)-Optimized Content in Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Matrices on Their Thermomechanical Response in 3D Printing

Petousis, Markos; Moutsopoulou, Amalia; Korlos, Apostolos; Papadakis, Vassilis; Mountakis, Nikolaos; Tsikritzis, Dimitris; Ntintakis, Ioannis; Vidakis, Nectarios

doi:10.3390/nano13131906

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…PLA is classified as a semi-crystalline polymer, characterized by a melting temperature spanning from 170 to 180 °C [26]. Components derived from PLA exhibit a pronounced resistance to deformation [27,28]. The behavior of PLA samples in different raster angles has been studied [29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative Insight into the Compressive Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Polyamide 12, and Polypropylene in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Vidakis,

Petousis,

Ntintakis

et al. 2024

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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Herein, a research and engineering gap, i.e., the quantitative determination of the effects of the compressive loading rate on the engineering response of the most popular polymers in Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM) is successfully filled out. PLA (Polylactic Acid), ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), PP (Polypropylene), and PA12 (Polyamide 12) raw powders were evaluated and melt-extruded to produce fully documented filaments for 3D printing. Compressive specimens after the ASTM-D695 standard were then fabricated with MEX AM. The compressive tests were carried out in pure quasi-static conditions of the test standard (1.3 mm/min) and in accelerated loading rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mm/min respectively per polymer. The experimental and evaluation course proved differences in engineering responses among different polymers, in terms of compressive strength, elasticity modulus, toughness, and strain rate sensitivity index. A common finding was that the increase in the strain rate increased the mechanical response of the polymeric parts. The increase in the compressive strength reached 25% between the lowest and the highest strain rates the parts were tested for most polymers. Remarkable variations of deformation and fracture modes were also observed and documented. The current research yielded results with valuable predictive capacity for modeling and engineering modeling, which hold engineering and industrial merit.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It finds its applications in diverse sectors such as automotive, construction, household articles, and injection molding processes [40]. However, in AM techniques still, only a limited number of commercially accessible PP-based filaments exist [28]. PP printability is dependent on its tendency to deform during the 3D printing process [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Insight into the Compressive Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Polyamide 12, and Polypropylene in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Vidakis,

Petousis,

Ntintakis

et al. 2024

J. dynamic behavior mater.

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“…Research in polyamides in FFF extends also to the process parameters' effect on composites having polyamides as the matrix material. Ceramics, such as Titanium Nitride (TiN), Copper (Cu), and Cuprous Oxide (Cu 2 O), have been introduced to polyamide matrices [77,78], as has Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO 2 ) [79]. In this direction, Benfriha K. et al [59] have investigated PA6/Carbon fiber composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Performance and Energy Efficiency of MEX 3D Printing with Polyamide 6 (PA6): Multi-Objective Optimization of Seven Control Settings Supported by L27 Robust Design

David,

Sagris,

Petousis

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Both energy efficiency and robustness are popular demands for 3D-printed components nowadays. These opposing factors require compromises. This study examines the effects of seven general control variables on the energy demands and the compressive responses of polyamide (PA6) material extrusion (MEX) 3D printed samples. Nozzle Temperature, Layer Thickness, Orientation Angle, Raster Deposition Angle, Printing Speed, Bed Temperature, and Infill Density were studied. An L27 orthogonal array was compiled with five replicas. A total of 135 trials were conducted, following the ASTM D695-02a specifications. The stopwatch method was used to assess the construction time and energy usage. The compressive strength, toughness, and elasticity modulus were experimentally determined. The Taguchi technique ranks each control parameter’s impact on each response measure. The control parameter that had the greatest impact on both energy use and printing time was layer thickness. Additionally, the infill density had the greatest influence on the compressive strength. Quadratic regression model equations were formed for each of the response measures. The ideal compromise between mechanical strength and energy efficiency is now reported, with merit related to technological and economic benefits.

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Box-Behnken modeling to optimize the engineering response and the energy expenditure in material extrusion additive manufacturing of short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6

Petousis,

Spiridaki,

Mountakis

et al. 2024

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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The field of production engineering is constantly attempting to be distinguished for promoting sustainability, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and prudent material consumption. In this study, three control parameters (3D printing settings), namely nozzle temperature, travel speed, and layer height (LH) are being investigated on polyamide 6/carbon fiber (15 wt%) tensile specimens. The aim is the optimum combination of energy efficiency and mechanical performance of the specimens. For the analysis of the results, the Box-Behnken design-of-experiment was applied along with the analysis of variance. The statistical analysis conducted based on the experimental results, indicated the importance of the LH control setting, as to affecting the mechanical strength. In particular, the best tensile strength value (σB = 83.52 MPa) came from the 0.1 mm LH. The same LH, whereas caused the highest energy consumption in 3D printing (EPC = 0.252 MJ) and printing time (PT = 2272 s). The lowest energy consumption (EPC = 0.036 MJ) and printing time (PT = 330 s) were found at 0.3 mm LH. Scanning electron microscopy was employed as a part of the manufactured specimens’ 3D printing quality evaluation, while Thermogravimetric analysis was also conducted. The modeling approach led to the formation of equations for the prediction of critical metrics related to energy consumption and the mechanical performance of composite parts built with the MEX 3D printing method. These equations proved their reliability through a confirmation run, which showed that they can safely be applied, within specific boundaries, in real-life applications. Graphical abstract

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The Effect of Nano Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO2)-Optimized Content in Polyamide 12 (PA12) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Matrices on Their Thermomechanical Response in 3D Printing

Cited by 9 publications

References 113 publications

Quantitative Insight into the Compressive Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Polyamide 12, and Polypropylene in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Quantitative Insight into the Compressive Strain Rate Sensitivity of Polylactic Acid, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Polyamide 12, and Polypropylene in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing

Operational Performance and Energy Efficiency of MEX 3D Printing with Polyamide 6 (PA6): Multi-Objective Optimization of Seven Control Settings Supported by L27 Robust Design

Box-Behnken modeling to optimize the engineering response and the energy expenditure in material extrusion additive manufacturing of short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6

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