The effect of nicotine on sign-tracking and goal-tracking in a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm in rats

Palmatier, Matthew I.; Marks, Kimberley R.; Jones, Scott A.; Freeman, Kyle S.; Wissman, Kevin M.; Sheppard, A. Brianna

doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2892-9

Cited by 45 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…We next discuss what might account for this difference between measures of conditioned approach vs. conditioned reinforcement, when nicotine serves as the US. Caggiula and others have argued that the ability of nicotine to motivate behavior involves three dissociable processes: 1) the ability to act as a primary reinforcer, 2) the ability to transform a neutral stimulus into a conditioned reinforcer, and 3) the ability of nicotine to act as a “reinforcement enhancer” or an “incentive amplifier” (Balfour et al 2000; Bevins and Palmatier 2004; Caggiula et al 2009; Chaudhri et al 2006a; Liu et al 2007; Palmatier et al 2007; Palmatier et al 2013; Rupprecht et al 2015). Consideration of these dissociable processes may inform the results here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Yager

Robinson

2015

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale Individuals vary in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to reward cues. Discrete food and drug (cocaine and opioid) cues become more attractive, eliciting approach towards them, and more “wanted”, in that they serve as more effective conditioned reinforcers, in some rats (‘sign-trackers’, STs), than in others (‘goal-trackers’, GTs). Objectives We asked whether there is similar variation in the extent to which a cue associated with a drug from another class, nicotine, acquires incentive motivational properties. Methods First, a Pavlovian conditioned approach procedure was used to identify rats that attribute incentive salience to a food cue (i.e., STs and GTs). We then measured the extent to which a cue (a light) paired with intravenous nicotine injections acquired two properties of an incentive stimulus: (1) the ability to elicit approach towards it, and (2) the ability to act as a conditioned reinforcer. Results In contrast to previous findings with food, cocaine and opioid cues, we found that the nicotine cue was equally attractive in STs and GTs, eliciting dose-dependent approach behavior in both. However, the nicotine cue was a more effective conditioned reinforcer in STs than in GTs. Conclusions We suggest the dissociation between these two measures of incentive salience attribution may be related to the fact that when present (as in the test of Pavlovian approach), nicotine can act as a potent “incentive amplifier”, and by this action nicotine may render cues especially salient for all animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Yager

Robinson

2015

Psychopharmacology

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“…Considering the differential contribution of dopamine and opiates in the ventral regions of the basal ganglia to preparatory and consummatory responses Cador, 2006, 2007;Berridge et al, 2009), the present results suggest that ST and GT rats may differ not only in their dopaminergic, but also in their opioidergic neurophysiology. These differential processes may also be influenced by the cholinergic system which has been demonstrated to control sign-tracking (Palmatier et al, 2013), likely through its control over dopaminergic neurons (Maskos et al, 2005;Avale et al, 2008) or prefrontal function (Paolone et al, 2013), eventually resulting in a modulation of attention and reward expectancy at the onset of CS presentation (Inglis et al, 1994).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Locomotor Reactivity to Novelty Is Associated with an Increased Propensity to Choose Saccharin Over Cocaine: New Insights into the Vulnerability to Addiction

Vanhille

Belin

Mar

et al. 2014

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Drug addiction is associated with a relative devaluation of natural or socially-valued reinforcers that are unable to divert addicts from seeking and consuming the drug. Before protracted drug exposure, most rats prefer natural rewards, such as saccharin, over cocaine. However, a subpopulation of animals prefer cocaine over natural rewards and are thought to be vulnerable to addiction. Specific behavioral traits have been associated with different dimensions of drug addiction. For example, anxiety predicts loss of control over drug intake whereas sensation seeking and sign-tracking are markers of a greater sensitivity to the rewarding properties of the drug. However, how these behavioral traits predict the disinterest for natural reinforcers remains unknown. In a population of rats, we identified sensation seekers (HR) on the basis of elevated novelty-induced locomotor reactivity, high anxious rats (HA) based on the propensity to avoid open arms in an elevated-plus maze and sign-trackers (ST) that are prone to approach, and interaction with, reward-associated stimuli. Rats were then tested on their preference for saccharin over cocaine in a discrete-trial choice procedure. We show that HR rats display a greater preference for saccharin over cocaine compared with ST and HA whereas the motivation for the drug was comparable between the three groups. The present data suggest that high locomotor reactivity to novelty, or sensation seeking, by predisposing to an increased choice toward non-drug rewards at early stages of drug use history, may prevent the establishment of chronic cocaine use.

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“…The NIC dose (0.4 mg/ kg) was calculated as base and selected from previous studies showing robust increases in approach behavior (Palmatier et al, 2012a(Palmatier et al, , 2012b. Grape and cherry Kool-Aid® (unsweetened) were purchased from a local convenience store and dissolved in deionized water (0.05% wt/vol).…”

Section: Drugs and Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies have established that chronic NIC treatment does not reliably increase the palatability (Parker & Doucet, 1995) or intake (Palmatier et al, 2012a) of sweet tastes such as sucrose. The present studies confirm that NIC pretreatments do not increase palatability or consumption of flavor incentives that have been associated with sweet tastes.…”

Section: Experiments 3: Operant Choice Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite these weak primary reinforcing effects, NIC potently increases responding for nondrug rewards such as visual stimuli (Palmatier, Liu, Caggiula, Donny, & Sved, 2007a) and sucrose (Palmatier, O'Brien, & Hall, 2012a). This latter "incentive amplifying" effect probably depends on NIC-induced increases in incentive motivation (Palmatier et al 2012a(Palmatier et al , 2012b. For example, we recently found that NIC administration preferentially increased approach to a conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with sucrose (sign tracking) but did not change approach to the location of the sucrose reward (goal tracking; Palmatier et al, 2012b).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

Palmatier

Lantz

O’Brien

et al. 2013

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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The use of additives in tobacco may capitalize on the incentive motivational properties of tastes and scents such as mint (menthol), vanilla, and strawberry. These incentives are intended to increase tobacco experimentation, but their salience may also be enhanced by the incentive amplifying effects of nicotine (NIC). The goal of the present studies was to investigate the potential interaction between the incentive amplifying effects of NIC and gustatory incentives.

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The effect of nicotine on sign-tracking and goal-tracking in a Pavlovian conditioned approach paradigm in rats

Abstract: The findings suggest that NIC increases incentive motivation and that this effect is long-lasting, persisting beyond the pharmacological effects of NIC.

Cited by 45 publications

References 43 publications

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

Individual variation in the motivational properties of a nicotine cue: sign-trackers vs. goal-trackers

High Locomotor Reactivity to Novelty Is Associated with an Increased Propensity to Choose Saccharin Over Cocaine: New Insights into the Vulnerability to Addiction

Effects of Nicotine on Olfactogustatory Incentives: Preference, Palatability, and Operant Choice Tests

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