“…Most studies reported cortisol levels measured in saliva, GCF, serum or urine to be positively correlated with periodontal disease ( Bawankar et al., 2018 ; Cakmak et al., 2014 , 2016 ; Cohen-Cole et al., 1983 ; Fenol et al., 2017 ; Rahate et al., 2021 ; Refulio et al., 2013 ; Rosania et al., 2009 ). However, five studies found no associations between salivary cortisol and periodontal disease ( Cakmak et al., 2019 ; da Silva et al., 2015 ; Kurer et al., 1995 ; Petit et al., 2020 ; Zhang et al., 2021 ). While Zhang et al.…”