The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma-free and salivary cortisol and cortisone

Meulenberg, P. M. M.; Ross, H. Alec; Swinkels, L.M.J.W.; Benraad, Th. J.

doi:10.1016/0009-8981(87)90183-5

Cited by 121 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Oestrogens in oral contraceptive drugs are known to increase the production of corticosteroid binding globulin, which probably accounts for the high values of cortisol in these patients. 20 The only patient with a large decrease (045 jimol/l) in morning cortisol levels after treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate also showed a substantial decrease (0.25 gmol/l) after treatment with fluticasone propionate. In no patient did the cortisol level fall below the lower limit of normal after treatment.…”

Section: Laboratory Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparison of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate on direct and indirect measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with stable asthma.

Bootsma

Dekhuijzen

Festen

et al. 1995

Thorax

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Section: Laboratory Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparison of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate on direct and indirect measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with stable asthma.

Bootsma

Dekhuijzen

Festen

et al. 1995

Thorax

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“…Physiological diurnal variation is another important issue to consider in interpreting the results. Plasma cortisol is a measurement of total plasma cortisol; any medication or pathological condition that affects transcortin or albumin levels may falsely affect the readings (225). Assessment of salivary cortisol is a useful method to address most of these shortcomings since it represents 70% of free (unbound form) plasma cortisol levels and is not influenced by salivary volume and flow (261).…”

Section: Indicators Of Hpa Axis Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

Golbidi

Frisbee

Laher

2015

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

178

132

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“…This is most likely due to estradiol. The synthetic estrogen contained within all OC preparations for subjects in this study increases hepatic synthesis of steroid binding proteins (26), causing increased total cortisol levels (1). Estrogen is also thought to increase growth hormone secretion by increasing sensitivity to pulsatile secretions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in the endocrine and metabolic responses to hypoxic exercise

Sandoval

Matt

2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Sandoval, Darleen A., and Kathleen S. Matt. Gender differences in the endocrine and metabolic responses to hypoxic exercise. J Appl Physiol 92: 504-512, 2002; 10.1152/ japplphysiol.00526.2001.-This study tested the hypothesis that women would have blunted physiological responses to acute hypoxic exercise compared with men. Fourteen women taking oral contraceptives (28 Ϯ 0.9 yr of age) and 15 men (30 Ϯ 1.0 yr of age) with similar peak O 2 consumption (V O2 peak) values (56 Ϯ 1.1 vs. 57 Ϯ 0.8 ml ⅐ kg fat-free mass Ϫ1 ⅐ min Ϫ1 ) were studied under hypoxic (H; fraction of inspired oxygen ϭ 13%) vs. normoxic (fraction of inspired oxygen ϭ 20.93%) conditions. Cardiopulmonary, metabolic, and neuroendocrine measures were taken before, during, and 30 min after three 5-min consecutive workloads at 30, 45, and 60% V O2 peak. In women compared with men, glucose levels were greater during recovery from H (P Ͻ 0.05) and lactate levels were lower at 45% V O2 peak, 60% V O2 peak, and up to 20 min of recovery (P Ͻ 0.05), regardless of trial (P Ͻ 0.0001). Although the women had greater baseline levels of cortisol and growth hormone (P Ͻ 0.0001), gender did not affect these hormones during H or exercise. Catecholamine responses to H were also similar between genders. Thus the endocrine response to hypoxia per se was not blunted in women as we had hypothesized. Other mechanisms must be at play to cause the gender differences in metabolic substrates in response to hypoxia. catecholamines; cortisol; metabolites LIMITED RESEARCH HAS EXAMINED the impact of gender on hormonal and metabolic responses to acute hypoxic exercise. Recent extensive studies have examined the effects of chronic hypoxia in women during different phases of the menstrual cycle (2, 3, 24). However, these studies were not examining the impact of gender per se, because they lacked a comparably fit male control group. Nevertheless, metabolic differences do seem to exist after acclimatization to 4,300 m, with women shifting toward greater fat (3) and men shifting toward greater carbohydrate use (29) during exercise. In normoxia (Յ1,500 m), gender does alter the sympathetic and metabolic responses to prolonged (8,15,33) and supramaximal exercise (11). For example, women have a greater reliance on fat oxidation and a blunted plasma catecholamine response during exercise at the same relative intensity compared with men with similar fitness levels (8,11,15,33). In addition, women, compared with men, also have a reduced plasma catecholamine response to hypoglycemic (7) and cognitive stressors (21), possibly due to a direct inhibitory effect of estradiol on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (6). Yet it remains unknown whether plasma catecholamine responses differ between comparably fit men and women during acute hypoxic exercise. It seems plausible that SNS response to the stress of acute hypoxic exercise will also be different between genders, with the prediction that women will have a lower plasma catecholamine response compared with men.The hypothalamic-pituitary-adre...

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The effect of oral contraceptives on plasma-free and salivary cortisol and cortisone

Cited by 121 publications

References 20 publications

Comparison of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate on direct and indirect measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with stable asthma.

Comparison of fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate on direct and indirect measurements of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with stable asthma.

Chronic stress impacts the cardiovascular system: animal models and clinical outcomes

Gender differences in the endocrine and metabolic responses to hypoxic exercise

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