The Effect of Particle Size on the Regional Deposition of Inhaled Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract

Lippmann, Morton; Albert, Roy E.

doi:10.1080/00028896909343120

Cited by 325 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Ninety percent or more of the initial deposit is removed from the bronchial tree through the bronchial duct. 16 We believe that some chromium particles remain in the stroma of the bronchi and the interstitium of the lung or subpleural regions and that some phagocytosed chromium particles remain in the lymph nodes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Sano 6 reported that most of the chromate particles were 1-3 min diameter and that their shape was approximately spherical according to microscopic measurements of lung tissue specimens obtained at autopsy. Lippmann et al 16 demonstrated that the deposition of particles 1-3 m in diameter in the airway generated 2 peaks. One peak (3-5%) represented the 3rd or 4th generation (the subsegment or subsubsegment bronchus in the tracheobronchial tree), and the other (9 -15%) represented the 22nd generation (alveolar region).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bronchial clearance is essentially completed within the first postexposure day. 16 Ciliary clearance removed particles from deposition sites along the tracheobronchial tree to the pharynx, from which they were removed to the gut by swallowing. Ninety percent or more of the initial deposit is removed from the bronchial tree through the bronchial duct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers

Kondo

Takahashi

Ishikawa

et al. 2003

Cancer

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BACKGROUNDIt is known that chromium is an inhaled carcinogen and an important risk factor in the development of lung carcinoma.METHODSThe authors used a microscopic X‐ray fluorescence analyzer with transmitted X‐ray mapping imaging (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) to measure the accumulation of chromium in 10 resected lung tissue specimens and 90 biopsy specimens from chromate workers.RESULTSThe maximum chromium accumulation (mean ± standard deviation) in 10 resected lung tissue specimens was 197 ± 238 counts per second (cps)/mili ampere (mA) (range, 4–649 cps/mA). Chromium accumulation was scattered in six tissue specimens and diffuse in one specimen. Chromium accumulation in the proximal bronchi was less than in the bronchioles or subpleural regions of the lung. Chromium accumulation was detectable in 63 (70%) of 90 biopsy specimens, and the mean accumulation was 6.5 ± 9.2 cps/mA (range, 0–46.5 cps/mA). Chromium detected in bronchial tissue specimens was deposited in the bronchial stroma but not in the epithelium. The maximum chromium accumulations in dysplasic (n = 3), squamous metaplastic (n = 10), and normal bronchial epithelia (n = 9) in chromate workers and in normal bronchial epithelia (n = 3) in non‐chromate workers were 20.2 ± 5.4, 18.3 ± 12.2, 13.2 ± 13.4, and 3.0 ± 1.8 cps/mA, respectively. The amount of chromium accumulation significantly increased according to the progression of malignant change of the bronchial epithelium (P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSPrevious studies found that lung carcinoma with chromate exposure exhibited a variety of genetic abnormalities. Considering genetic aberrations and chromium accumulation in these premalignant lesions is useful for elucidating the process of carcinogenesis in chromium‐induced lung carcinoma. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers

Kondo

Takahashi

Ishikawa

et al. 2003

Cancer

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“…Regional deposition in the oral airway of human volunteers has been me asured using monodisperse particles tagged with radios label Lippmann and Albert 1969;Foord et al 1978;Chan and Lippmann 1980;Stahlhofen et al 1980Stahlhofen et al , 1983Emmett et al . 1982;Bowes and Swift 1989 .…”

Section: Deposition Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Deposition in a Cast of Human Oral Airways

Cheng¹,

Zhou²,

Chen³

1999

Aerosol Science and Technology

285

218

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ABSTRACT. Oral and nas al airways are entryways to the respiratory tract. Most people breathe through the nasal airway during rest or light exercise, then switch to oral r r r r r nasal breathing during heavy exercise or work. Resistance through the oral airways is much lower than through the n asal airways , so fewer aerosol particles are deposited in the oral airways. Aerosol drugs are usually delivered by inhalation to the lung via the oral route for that reason. Oral deposition data from humans are limited, and those available show great intersubject variability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of particle size and breathing rate on the deposition pattern in a human or al airway cast with a de® ned geometry. The airway replica included the oral cavity, ph arynx, larynx, trachea, an d 3 generations of bronchi. The oral portion of the cast was molded from a dental impression of the oral cavity in a hum an volunteer, while the other airway portions of the cast were made from a cadaver. Nine different sizes of polystyrene latex¯uorescent particles in the size ran ge of 0.93± 30 m m were used in the study. Regional deposition was measured at a constant inspiratory¯ow rate of 15, 30, and 60 L min I 1 . Deposition in the oral airway appeared to increase with an increasinḡ ow rate an d particle diameter. Deposition at the highest¯ow rate of 60 L min I 1 was close to 90% for particles ) 20 m m. Particles ) about 10 m m deposited mainly in the oral cavity. Deposition ef® ciency has been found to be a unique function of the Stokes number, suggesting that impaction is the dominant deposition mech anism. Oral deposition can be approximated by a theoretical deposition model of inertial impaction in a 1808 curved tube, assuming perfect mixing in a turbulent ow. Our model suggests th at the minimum dimension near the larynx and the average cross-sectional area are important parameters for oral airway deposition; however, addition al data from the oral airway replica are needed to ascertain wh ether these are indeed the critical dimensions. Information from the present study will add to our knowledge of the deposition mech anism, the correlation of particle deposition with airway geometry, and eventually the best way to deliver aerosol drugs.

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“…Inhalable particulate matter could be inhaled through the nose and thus the fate of inhaled particulates depends on the nature of the physiological fluids and physiochemical properties of the particulates. The inhalable particle size fraction (aerodynamic diameters b10 μm) penetrates, deposits and is retained in different compartments of the human respiratory tract with the larger components commonly found in the nasopharynx and tracheobronchial region whilst the finer (b1-2 μm) particles are deposited in the deepest region (alveolar) (Lippmann and Albert, 1969;Gokhale and Patil, 2004;Plumlee et al, 2006). An understanding of the respiratory compartments and their functions, as well as chemical composition is fundamental in formulating fluids that truly represent the respiratory system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

Dean

Elom

Entwistle

2017

Science of The Total Environment

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The Effect of Particle Size on the Regional Deposition of Inhaled Aerosols in the Human Respiratory Tract

Cited by 325 publications

References 8 publications

Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers

Microscopic analysis of chromium accumulation in the bronchi and lung of chromate workers

Particle Deposition in a Cast of Human Oral Airways

Use of simulated epithelial lung fluid in assessing the human health risk of Pb in urban street dust

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