The Effect of Pedaling at Different Cadence on Attentional Resources

Abstract

We investigated the relationship between attentional resources and pedaling cadence using electroencephalography (EEG) to measure P300 amplitudes and latencies. Twenty-five healthy volunteers performed the oddball task while pedaling on a stationary bike or relaxing (i.e., no pedaling). We set them four conditions, namely, (1) performing only the oddball task (i.e., control), (2) performing the oddball task while pedaling at optimal cadence (i.e., optimal), (3) performing the oddball task while pedaling faster than optimal cadence (i.e., fast), and (4) performing the oddball task while pedaling slower than optimal cadence (i.e., slow). P300 amplitudes at Cz and Pz electrodes under optimal, fast, and slow conditions were significantly lower than those under control conditions. P300 amplitudes at Pz under fast and slow conditions were significantly lower than those under the optimal condition. No significant changes in P300 latency at any electrode were observed under any condition. Our findings revealed that pedaling at non-optimal cadence results in less attention being paid to external stimuli compared with pedaling at optimal cadence.

The speed and phase of locomotion dictate saccade probability and simultaneous low-frequency power spectra

“…Although in our task saccades were not necessary only for smooth locomotion, it is likely that their occurrence helps to orient the body in an uncertain environment to guide locomotion. Indeed, we observed an increased modulation in the strength of saccade onset probability when walking slowly -a task which is known to place additional demands on sensory and cognitive systems (Akaiwa et al, 2022;Al-Yahya et al, 2011;Lajoie et al, 2016). Future research may further increase sensory uncertainty to investigate these modulations in saccade onset probability.…”

Effects of repetitive practice of motor tasks on somatosensory gating

“…The electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded from the right suborbital region. Trials with EOG waveform exceeding 80 μV were rejected ( Akaiwa et al, 2022a ). EEG signals were recorded with a 0.1–200 Hz band-pass filter at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz.…”

The brain in motion–cognitive effects of simultaneous motor activity

“…As the most commonly used paradigms included free walking, this may be a relevant factor that modulates the effect of simultaneous motor activity on the P300 in an oddball paradigm. In fact, the majority of studies with negative effects were free (outdoor) walking studies [ N = 4 ( Debener et al, 2012 ; De Vos et al, 2014 ; Reiser et al, 2019 ; Scanlon et al, 2020 )], two other walking studies used a treadmill ( Shaw et al, 2018 ; Cortney Bradford et al, 2019 ) and the remaining two were pedaling studies [visual: Yagi et al (1999) , tactile: Akaiwa et al (2022) ]. Most active conditions lasted for 10 min at maximum, except for Akaiwa et al (2022) , where one condition lasted about 15 min, and Cortney Bradford et al (2019) and Reiser et al (2019) where subjects walked on a treadmill for 1 h. All of the studies with negative effects on attention reported a decreased P300 amplitude in response to the locomotion condition as compared to the sitting or standing conditions.…”