The Effect of Plausibility on Eye Movements in Reading.

Rayner, Keith; Warren, Tessa; Juhasz, Barbara J.; Liversedge, Simon Paul

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1290

Cited by 320 publications

(440 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In contrast, for both sets of analyses for orthographically familiar words there was no difference in prior fixation duration between the frequent and infrequent conditions (ts < 1). 6 It has been suggested that parafoveal-on-foveal effects can sometimes occur as a result of inaccurate saccade targeting (Drieghe et al, 2007;Rayner, Warren et al, 2004;Rayner, White et al, 2003). However, if the parafoveal-on-foveal effects reported above had arisen due to mistargeting of saccades, then there perhaps also should have been a parafoveal-on-foveal effect of word frequency.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies using isolated word processing (Kennedy, 1998(Kennedy, , 2000Kennedy, Pynte, & Ducrot, 2002) and sentence reading (Kennedy & Pynte, 2005;Kliegl et al, 2006;Pynte & Kennedy, 2006) tasks have suggested that word frequency can also produce such effects. However other studies have shown inconsistent (Hyönä & Bertram, 2004) or no (Calvo & Meseguer, 2002;Henderson & Ferreira, 1993;Rayner, Fischer, & Pollatsek, 1998;Schroyens, Vitu, Brysbaert, & d'Ydewalle, 1999) parafovealon-foveal effects of word frequency, and other research has shown no evidence of other lexical parafoveal-on-foveal effects (Altarriba, Kambe, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2001;Hyönä & Häikiö, 2005;Inhoff et al, 2000;Rayner, 1975;Rayner, Juhasz et al, 2007) (for reviews see : Rayner, White, Kambe, Miller, & Liversedge, 2003;Rayner & Juhasz, 2004).…”

Section: Models Of Eye Movement Control During Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity.

White

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

151

187

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eye movements were recorded. Word frequency influenced fixation durations and the probability of word skipping when orthographic familiarity was controlled. These results indicate that lexical processing of words can influence saccade programming (as shown by fixation durations and which words are fixated). Orthographic familiarity, but not word frequency, influenced the duration of prior fixations. These results provide evidence for orthographic, but not lexical, parafoveal-on-foveal effects. Overall, the findings have a crucial implication for models of eye movement control in reading: there must be sufficient time for lexical factors to influence saccade programming before saccade metrics and timing are finalised. The conclusions are critical for the fundamental architecture of models of eye movement control in reading, namely, how to reconcile long saccade programming times and complex linguistic influences on saccades during reading.Key words / phrases: Reading. Eye movements. Word frequency. Orthography. Models of eye movement control in reading.Word frequency and orthographic familiarity 1 As we read, the linguistic characteristics of words influence the duration of fixations and which words are fixated (Rayner, 1998). The present study provides a detailed examination of the influences of orthographic familiarity and word frequency on eye movements during reading. It thus provides a critical assessment of the relationship between linguistic text processing and the systems that control when and where the eyes move. Specifically, whether lexical processing can have an immediate influence on saccade programming is examined. The issues addressed here have crucial implications for the architecture of models of eye movement control in reading. The article adds to a growing number of recent studies which specifically aim to test and develop such accounts (Inhoff, Eiter, & Radach, 2005; Kliegl, Nuthmann, & Engbert, 2006; Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle, 2004; Rayner, Juhasz, & Brown, 2007; Rayner, Liversedge, White, & Vergilino-Perez, 2003;Reingold & Rayner, 2006). Previous studies of the effects of word frequency and orthography will first be discussed. Models of eye movements in reading will be summarised which may account for such effects. Finally, the issue of whether processing of parafoveal information can influence prior fixations (parafoveal-onfoveal effects) and where words are fixated (saccade specification) will be considered. Word frequency effectsThe influence of word frequency on word processing is an established finding both for isolated word response time tasks (Monsell, 1991) and sentence reading (Rayner, 1998). Inhoff and Rayner (1986) (also Rayner & Duffy, 1986) first demonstrated, that for words in sentences with word length controlled, first fixation durations and gaze durations (the sum of fixations before leaving a word) are longer on infrequent than frequent words.Word frequency effects during sentence reading are usually spatially localised to the word Word frequency and orthog...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Models Of Eye Movement Control During Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity.

White

2008

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

151

187

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As discussed in the Introduction, any erroneous assignment of fixations to neighboring words due to limits of spatial resolution of the eye tracker or inaccuracies associated with its calibration could generate parafoveal-on-foveal effects (see Rayner et al, 2004b, for a cautionary note along those lines).…”

Section: Binocular Control Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the mind during reading: The influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations.

Kliegl

Nuthmann

Engbert

2006

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

514

679

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Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes.Keywords: eye movements, fixation duration, gaze, word recognition, reading Reading is a fairly recent cultural invention. The perceptual, attentional, and oculomotor processes enabling this remarkable and complex human skill had been in place for a long time before the first sentence was read. Of course, reading also fundamentally presupposes language, reasoning, and memory processes. If we want to understand how internal processes of the mind and external stimuli play together in the generation of complex action, reading may serve as an ideal sample case, because, despite its complexity, it occurs in settings that are very amenable to experimental control. In addition, the measurement of eye movements yields high-resolution time series that have proven to be very sensitive to factors at all levels of the behavioral and cognitive hierarchy. Most importantly, we already know or can determine basic perceptual, attentional, and oculomotor constraints which any theory of reading and any computational model implementing such a theory at a behavioral microlevel must respect.Looking at the eyes, reading proceeds as an alternating sequence of fixations (lasting 150 to 300 ms) and saccades (30 ms). Information uptake is largely restricted to fixations. For example, fixation durations reliably decrease with the printed frequency of words and with their predictability from prior words of the sentence. Beyond these uncontroversial facts, however, much still needs to be learned about perceptual and attentional processes and properties of words that guide the eyes through a sentence. Starr and Rayner (2001, p. 156) highlighted the following three issues as particularly controversial: "(1) the extent to which eye-movement behavior is affected by low-level oculomotor factors versus higher-level cognitive processes; (2) how much information is extracted from the right of fixations; and (3) whether readers process information from more than one word at a time." Distributed Processing in Fixation Durations 4In this article, we report new empirical results relating to each of these issues. We also present a data-analytic framework within which these issues can be addressed simultaneously and propose a set of theoretical principles which account for a complex set of experimental observations....

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“…In this framework, L2 comprehension difficulties may thus be accounted for by absent (or slower) primary semantic integration in L2. We would expect eye-tracking studies to validate this hypothesis by showing that fast and early disruptive effects of semantic violations on eye movements are absent in L2 (Rayner et al, 2004;Warren & McConnell, 2007;Warren et al, 2008).…”

Section: P2 Time-windowmentioning

confidence: 99%

World knowledge integration during second language comprehension

Martin

García

Breton

et al. 2015

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience

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In order to study the difficulties experienced during sentence comprehension in a foreign language (L2), we investigated semantic and world knowledge information retrieval in L2 comprehenders. Event-related potentials (ERP) were collected in late learners of English whose native language is Spanish, performing a sentence reading task in English. We investigated the mean amplitude of the P2 and N400 ERP components elicited by the critical word of sentences in three conditions: (1) correct; (2) semantic violation; (3) world knowledge violation (semantically acceptable but factually untrue). In the N400 window, ERP modulations elicited by semantic and world knowledge violations had similar amplitudes, as previously observed in L1 comprehenders. However, semantic violations failed to modulate P2 mean amplitude as it did in native speakers. These results suggest that, whilst L2 and L1 readers similarly integrate world knowledge and semantic information, L2 readers lack fast semantic access at around 200 ms after the onset of a critical word.

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The Effect of Plausibility on Eye Movements in Reading.

Cited by 320 publications

References 40 publications

Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity.

Eye movement control during reading: Effects of word frequency and orthographic familiarity.

Tracking the mind during reading: The influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations.

World knowledge integration during second language comprehension

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