The Effect of Prepuberal and Postpuberal Gonadectomy on Penile Extrusion and Urethral Diameter in the Domestic Cat

Root, Margaret V.; Johnston, Shirley D.; Johnston, Gary R.; Olson, P N

doi:10.1111/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01244.x

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The finding that PPG was not associated with higher risk of urethral obstruction in entire male cats is in accordance with the observation that the urethral diameter at 22 months of age was not significantly different among male cats left entire, and those neutered at seven weeks or at seven months (Root and others 1996a). Also, at 10 months of age, male cats left entire or neutered at five months of age had a similar urethral diameter, irrespective of testosterone supplementation in neutered cats (Herron 1972).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Relationship between age at gonadectomy and health problems in kittens adopted from shelters

et al. 2015

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Prepubertal gonadectomy (PPG) is promoted as a way of managing overpopulation in cats, but concerns about PPG and potential health issues still exist. The objective of the present study was to evaluate short-term and long-term health problems in cats subjected to PPG in comparison to gonadectomy at traditional age (TAG). In a prospective clinical trial, 800 shelter kittens aged between approximately 8 weeks and 12 weeks were recruited before adoption and randomly assigned to either the PPG group (gonadectomy performed immediately) or the TAG group (gonadectomy delayed until six months to eight months of age). Short-term health issues included mortality between when kittens arrived at the clinic and up to seven days after they returned to the shelter, as well as the occurrence of various other health issues arising in the first month following adoption. Kittens were followed-up until 24 months of age specifically for feline lower urinary tract disease, urethral obstruction (male cats), lameness, fractures and hypersensitivity disorders with dermatological presentation. In the short term, there were no significant differences between health problems in PPG and TAG kittens. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between treatment groups in terms of the type or number of health issues in the long term. In conclusion, there are no health-related contraindications to advocating PPG strategies in shelter cats. Ideally, PPG should be performed at the shelter facility itself as long as excellent infectious disease control and postoperative clinical observation before adoption are guaranteed

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Relationship between age at gonadectomy and health problems in kittens adopted from shelters

et al. 2015

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“…In the domestic cat, formation of the preputial cavity is testosteronedependent [Bharadwaj and Calhoun, 1961], and male cats castrated before puberty experience penile abnormalities [Herron, 1971;Root et al, 1996] similar to those seen in the three ocelots. Because these animals originated in the wild in three different countries, this defect is unlikely to have a familial genetic basis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation

et al. 2003

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Reproductive evaluations were conducted on 185 male cats representing eight endemic Latin American species that were maintained in 44 zoos and private facilities in 12 Latin American countries. Reproductive assessments (testicular measures, ejaculate quality, and blood testosterone/cortisol concentration) were used to establish normative values for large-and small-sized cats in Latin American collections. Data also were analyzed using multiple regression to study the impact of proven breeder status, diet, and various animal housing combinations. Most felids (495%) in the survey were of wild-born origin, and o20% had produced offspring in captivity. Larger felids had bigger testes and produced more semen, but tended to produce low-sperm-density ejaculates. The ejaculates of small felids were more sperm-concentrated, but contained fewer total spermatozoa. Sperm motility was unrelated to species size, and certain species (puma, margay, tigrina, and jaguarundi) consistently produced few (o40%) normal sperm forms. Across species, 450% of males had low sperm counts (o1 million total sperm per ejaculate). Among large cats (jaguars and pumas), proven breeders had larger (Po0.05) testes, greater semen volume, and more normal sperm than nonbreeders. Males on adequate diets had higher (Po0.05) circulating cortisol. Among small-sized felids, proven breeders had higher (Po0.05) testosterone, and males housed alone or paired with a conspecific female had more (Po0.05) total sperm per ejaculate and greater (Po0.05) seminal and testicular volumes. Fifty-nine ejaculates (potentially representing B100 artificial insemination (AI) or 26,000 in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures) were cryopreserved for a felid genome resource bank. In conclusion, breeding success and reproductive traits for many endemic felids in Latin American zoos appear to be suboptimal, and likely would benefit from improvements in diet and exhibitry. Technology transfer and continued training of zoo staff and scientists in Latin American countries are essential if these zoos are to achieve their tremendous conservation potential for felids and other threatened endemic species.

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“…Fig. 3 shows urethral length (8,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25) and diameter (15,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34), flow rate (35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42), bladder capacity (25,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), and bladder pressure (1,35,39,40,43,46,50) for over 100 individuals across 13 species.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration of urination does not change with body size

Yang¹,

Pham²,

Choo³

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Many urological studies rely on models of animals, such as rats and pigs, but their relation to the human urinary system is poorly understood. Here, we elucidate the hydrodynamics of urination across five orders of magnitude in body mass. Using high-speed videography and flow-rate measurement obtained at Zoo Atlanta, we discover that all mammals above 3 kg in weight empty their bladders over nearly constant duration of 21 ± 13 s. This feat is possible, because larger animals have longer urethras and thus, higher gravitational force and higher flow speed. Smaller mammals are challenged during urination by high viscous and capillary forces that limit their urine to single drops. Our findings reveal that the urethra is a flow-enhancing device, enabling the urinary system to be scaled up by a factor of 3,600 in volume without compromising its function. This study may help to diagnose urinary problems in animals as well as inspire the design of scalable hydrodynamic systems based on those in nature.urology | allometry | scaling | Bernoulli's principle M edical and veterinary urology often relies on simple, noninvasive methods to characterize the health of the urinary system (1, 2). One of the most easily measured characteristics of the urinary system is its flow rate (3), changes in which may be used to diagnose urinary problems. The expanding prostates of aging males may constrict the urethra, decreasing urine flow rate (4). Obesity may increase abdominal pressure, causing incontinence (5). Studies of these ailments and others often involve animal subjects of a range of sizes (6). A study of urination in zero gravity involved a rat suspended on two legs for long periods of time (7), whereas other studies involve mice (8), dogs (1), and pigs (9). Despite the wide range of animals used in urological studies, the consequences of body size on urination remain poorly understood.The bladder serves a number of functions, as reviewed by Bentley (10). In desert animals, the bladder stores water to be retrieved at a time of need. In mammals, the bladder acts as a waterproof reservoir to be emptied at a time of convenience. This control of urine enables animals to keep their homes sanitary and themselves inconspicuous to predators. Stored urine may even be used in defense, which one knows from handling rodents and pets.Several misconceptions in urology have important repercussions in the interpretation of healthy bladder function. For instance, several investigators state that urinary flow is driven entirely by bladder pressure. Consequently, their modeling of the bladder neglects gravitational forces (11-13). Others, such as Martin and Hillman (14), contend that urinary flow is driven by a combination of both gravity and bladder pressure. In this study, we elucidate the hydrodynamics of urination across animal size, showing the effects of gravity increase with increasing body size. ResultsIn Vivo Experiments. We filmed the urination of 16 animals and obtained 28 videos of urination from YouTube, listed in SI Appendix. Movies ...

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The Effect of Prepuberal and Postpuberal Gonadectomy on Penile Extrusion and Urethral Diameter in the Domestic Cat

Cited by 47 publications

References 5 publications

Relationship between age at gonadectomy and health problems in kittens adopted from shelters

Relationship between age at gonadectomy and health problems in kittens adopted from shelters

Reproductive status of endemic felid species in Latin American zoos and implications for ex situ conservation

Duration of urination does not change with body size

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