The effect of probiotics on respiratory tract infection with special emphasis on COVID-19: Systemic review 2010–20

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of probiotic on patient’s respiratory tract infection (RTI), a systematic review was conducted on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) databases were systematically searched for the following keywords from January 2010 to January 2020: including respiratory tract infection, probiotics, viral infection, COVID-19, and clinical trial. A total of 27 clinical trials conducted on 9,433 patients with RTI and 10 ongoing clinical studies of probiotics intervention in COVID-19 were reviewed. In this systematic review, were attempted to study the potency of probiotics for the hindrance and/or treatment of RTI diseases extensively, which may be practical to conflict the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Overall, probiotics could significantly increase the plasma levels of cytokines, the effect of influenzae vaccine, and quality of life as well as reducing the titre of viruses and the incidence and duration of respiratory infections. These antiviral and immune-modulating activities and their ability to stimulate interferon production recommended that to use probiotics as adjunctive therapy to prevent COVID-19. The rapid spread of the virus has affected the entire world socially and economically. Given this extensive research on RCTs, were expected probiotics to be a rational complementary treatment for RTI disease and a viable option for faster recovery.

The Emerging Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Thrombosis in COVID-19

“…Prebiotics and probiotics could be considered potential preventive or therapeutic interventions to extenuate COVID-19 [130]. It was previously reported that some microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, accept the activities of probiotics and reduce the functional activity of neutrophils both by inhibiting NET formation and by downregulating phagocytic activity [131].…”

A Review on Immune-Boosting Activity of Functional Foods-Prebiotics and Probiotics

“…RTI is caused because of the imbalance in microbiota in GI and respiratory tract (RT) by affecting the lung mucosa. Probiotics have shown positive effect in treatment in inhibition of gastric coronavirus, rotavirus, H1N1 influenza virus in vivo and in vitro case studies [2]. Probiotics positively affect the specific as well as the non-specific immune system.…”

“…There is a growing demand for functional foods that can help in the management of weight, sleep and even chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, etc [1]. In the wake of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is an increased awareness regarding the importance of immunity [2]. Hence nowadays, functional foods aimed to boost immunity are also gaining popularity.…”

“…The gut has an important role to play in immune cell activity which is based on probiotic and prebiotic interventions [2]. This review paper is aimed to give a synopsis of the gut immune system and its correlation with probiotics and prebiotics.…”

Recent biotechnological trends in lactic acid bacterial fermentation for food processing industries

“…For instance, probiotics are certain LABs, (i.e. Lactobacillus strains) that are commercially used for the production of fermented foods [13][14][15]. Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus LABs are mostly commercially employed for renowned probiotics foods such as BIO®, Actimel®, LC1®, and Yakult® [16].…”