The Effect of Reproduction Biotopes on the Genetic Differentiation of Populations of Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka

Abstract

Variation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was examined in nine populations from three lake-river systems of Chukotka and Kamchatka. Significant differences were found between most of the sockeye salmon samples studied. The genetic differences among populations were not high and often did not correlate with the geographical distances between them. The low population divergence is explained by a short time of existence of most of them, having been formed after the recession of the upper Pleistocene glacier. When the populations were grouped according to their spawning biotopes (river or lake), they in general appeared more genetically similar than upon their grouping by geographical location (the lake-river systems). The differences between the river and lake populations in the lake-river systems increased from north to south. GENERAL GENETICSRUSSIAN JOURNAL OF GENETICS Vol. 41 No. 5 2005 BRYKOV et al .

Phylogeography of Asian sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) based on analysis of mtDNA control region polymorphism

“…It can be assumed that the lower parts of the Kamchatka River were inhabited by fish from other refugia during their expansion after the glacier retreat in the Late Quaternary. Our data are in agreement with the results obtained previously on the sockeye salmon from a number of lake-river systems of Kamchatka and Chukotka (Brykov et al, 2005), indicating the different refugia origin of populations.…”

“…Literature and our results (Bachevskaya et al, 2013(Bachevskaya et al, , 2015Brykov et al, 2005;Khrustaleva, 2016) Haplotypes of both haplogroups are found in approximately the same proportion in Lake Azabachye, located in the lower reach of the Kamchatka River, as in other river basins of the Asian coast. It can be assumed that the lower parts of the Kamchatka River were inhabited by fish from other refugia during their expansion after the glacier retreat in the Late Quaternary.…”

“…Mismatch distribution analysis of the two phylogenetic lineages of sockeye salmon: a -haplogroup 1, b -haplogroup 2. The solid lines represent the expected distributions under a sudden expansion model (Model 1), the dashed line -the expected distributions under a spatial expansion model (Model 2), dots -the frequencies of the observed pairwise differences salmon are relatively young, and their age does not exceed 10-12 thousand years, because its current range largely coincides with the proposed area of the last Wisconsin (the Würm, according to the interregional correlation scheme) glaciation in the North Pacific (Brykov et al, 2005;Chereshnev, 1998). In particular, during the upper Quaternary glacial maxima, a significant part of the West Kamchatka lowland, as well as mountain ranges of the northern peninsulas, the entire East and Southwest Kamchatka, had been covered with ice sheets that on the eastern coast overlaid high sea terraces and descended into the ocean Braitseva, Melekestsev, Evteeva, & Lupikiva, 1968;Grosswald, 2009;Velichko & Faustova, 1989).…”

“…For the Asian sockeye salmon such detailed studies have not been yet conducted. Nonetheless speculations supported by geological data have repeatedly been expressed about the existence of a refugium in the Central Kamchatka depression (Brykov et al, 2005;Varnavskaya et al, 1994), as well as about the Beringian origin of all Kamchatka populations (Beacham et al, 2006;Bickham et al, 1995).…”

“…In addition, it is haploid and characterized by a maternal inheritance (Avise, 2004;Park & Moran, 1994) thus non-recombining mtDNA haplotypes can be linked to each other by a network of sequential evolutionary transformations (Bandelt, Forster, & Röhl, 1999). There are only few papers dedicated to sockeye salmon mtDNA geographical variability in both Pacific Ocean coasts (Bachevskaya, Pereverzeva, & Ivanova, 2013;Bachevskaya et al, 2015;Bickham et al, 1995;Brykov et al, 2005;Churikov et al, 2001;Khrustaleva, 2016;Kondzela & Gharrett, 2007), and they cover just some fragmental areas of sockeye salmon range.…”