The effect of residential greenness and city park visiting habits on preschool Children's mental and general health in Lithuania: A cross-sectional study

The Relationship Between Green Space and Prosocial Behaviour Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

“…Even though there was no restriction for publication date applied, all eligible studies were published between 2012-2019 and more than half (66.7%) were published in the last 3 years (2017-2019). There was an equal number (six studies) of crosssectional (Odgers et al, 2012;Amoly et al, 2014;Balseviciene et al, 2014;Sobko et al, 2018;Whitten et al, 2018;Andrusaityte et al, 2019) and experimental studies (Carrus et al, 2015;Park et al, 2016;Mayfield et al, 2017;Bates et al, 2018;van Dijk-Wesselius et al, 2018;Dopko et al, 2019). The remaining studies were of a longitudinal design (Richardson et al, 2017;McEachan et al, 2018;Van Aart et al, 2018).…”

“…The other four experimental studies reported using a control group, including two studies with- (Mayfield et al, 2017;van Dijk-Wesselius et al, 2018) and two without pre-test (Carrus et al, 2015;Dopko et al, 2019), respectively. Moreover, two (Richardson et al, 2017;McEachan et al, 2018), eight (Amoly et al, 2014;Balseviciene et al, 2014;Park et al, 2016;Mayfield et al, 2017;Van Aart et al, 2018;van Dijk-Wesselius et al, 2018;Whitten et al, 2018;Andrusaityte et al, 2019), and five (Odgers et al, 2012;Carrus et al, 2015;Bates et al, 2018;Sobko et al, 2018; About 700 (7-11 years)…”

“…One of the longitudinal studies collected the baseline data of exposure during pregnancy and then did the follow-up measurement of prosocial behaviour when children were aged 4 years old (McEachan et al, 2018). In cross-sectional studies, the age of participants ranged from 2 to 12 years-old (Odgers et al, 2012;Amoly et al, 2014;Balseviciene et al, 2014;Sobko et al, 2018;Whitten et al, 2018;Andrusaityte et al, 2019). Two experimental studies did not explicitly mention the age of participants (Mayfield et al, 2017;Bates et al, 2018).…”

“…Green space measurements varied by study. Secondary data linked with objective measurements of area-level green space were used in seven observational studies mostly reported from European countries (Odgers et al, 2012;Amoly et al, 2014;Balseviciene et al, 2014;Richardson et al, 2017;McEachan et al, 2018;Van Aart et al, 2018;Andrusaityte et al, 2019). Green space quantity, such as residential nearby greenness, as well as the percentage of green space or other related characteristics (e.g., park space, semi-natural and forested, agricultural area) within specified distances from participants' homes were commonly used objective measurements of green space exposure.…”

“…While children in urban areas tend to spend less time in outdoor activities and have less social contact with other children (Singer et al, 2009), the presence of nearby green space might promote positive social interactions that lead to prosocial behaviour development. The plausible influence of urban green space on child prosocial acts is increasingly being studied in recent years (Amoly et al, 2014;Balseviciene et al, 2014;Richardson et al, 2017;McEachan et al, 2018;Whitten et al, 2018;Andrusaityte et al, 2019). However, no systematic review of these studies is available so far.…”