The Effect of Response-Dependent Tones on the Acquisition of Concurrent Behavior in Rats

Reed, Phil; Yoshino, Toshihiko

doi:10.1006/lmot.2000.1074

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The Monte Carlo analysis indicates that the data in Figures and are unlikely to be a chance occurrence and supports the visual analysis of the tones as punishers. These results add to the literature indicating that high decibel auditory stimuli can be aversive in rodents and that high decibel tones specifically function as punishers (Harrison & Abelson, ; Reed & Yoshino, ; ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…In this study, we have added to the body of research indicating that exogenous stimuli other than shock can function as punishers in nonhuman animals. This study, as well as Harrison and Abelson (1959) and Reed and Yoshino (, ) indicate auditory stimuli can function as punishers for arbitrary responses. It is clear that stimuli in other sensory modalities can also function as aversive stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Pure tones, instead of the broadband noise used in the above studies, have also been investigated to determine if they are positive punishers. Reed and Yoshino () found that a 105‐dB 0.1‐kHz tone functioned as a punisher when responding of rats was maintained by VI schedules that were relatively lean (e.g., less than 24 reinforcers per hr).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of 100 dB 1‐kHz and 22‐kHz tones as punishers on lever pressing in rats

Friedel

DeHart

Odum

2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Aversive control is an important yet understudied process of learning. One reason aversive control may be relatively understudied is ethical concerns about painful stimuli (e.g., electric shock). High decibel broad-band noise and 22-kHz vocalizations both demonstrably affect rodent behavior while not necessarily being painful. The goal of this study was to determine if 100-dB 22-kHz-pure tones were differentially more effective in reducing operant response rates in rats. We examined whether 22-kHz pure tones would function as aversive stimuli, specifically as positive punishers. The effects of response-dependent as well as continuously presented 22-kHz and 1-kHz tones on rate of response maintained by variable interval 30-s food deliveries were assessed across several conditions. We found that response rates were lower when tones were presented response dependently than when tones were presented continuously throughout a session. We also found that the lower response rates obtained with response-dependent 22-kHz tones were not significantly different from response rates obtained with response-dependent 1-kHz tones. The primary conclusion of this experiment is that both 1-kHz and 22-kHz tones functioned as punishers, but that the 22-kHz tones were not differentially more effective in reducing response rate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

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The effects of 100 dB 1‐kHz and 22‐kHz tones as punishers on lever pressing in rats

Friedel

DeHart

Odum

2017

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…Although localized lights may also have such reinforcing properties, their association with reinforcement may lead to competing behavior that obscures this reinforcing effect. Tones appear to be aversive initially, irrespective of their association with primary reinforcers or punishers (see Reed & Yoshino, 2001). These aversive properties may suppress responding at first, but these ''unconditioned'' aversive properties eventually will be overridden by pairing of the tone with reinforcement (e.g., Nakajima & Kitaguchi, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Signaled Reinforcement on Rats' Fixed‐interval Responding

Reed

2003

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four experiments examined the effect on rats' response rate of presenting a brief (500 ms) stimulus simultaneously with the delivery of food on fixed-interval (FI) schedules. In Experiment 1, reinforcement signals that were spatially diffuse (both tones and lights) elevated rates of responding, but responding was attenuated by localized visual stimuli. The remaining experiments examined the signal-induced potentiation of responding. In Experiment 2, a tone reinforcement signal potentiated response rates on an FI schedule, but attenuated response rates on a variable-interval (VI) schedule. This difference was obtained even though the overall rate of responding was equated on the two schedules before the introduction of the signal. Signal-induced potentiation of responding occurred over a range of FI values employed in Experiment 3. In Experiment 4, presenting a reinforcement signal when high local rates of response had occurred immediately before reinforcement resulted in potentiated rates of responding on an FI schedule. The opposite effect on response rate occurred when the reinforcement signal followed only low local rates of response. These results indicate that a variety of factors influence the effects of a reinforcement signal. They imply, however, that the local rate of response at the time of reinforcement is a key factor in establishing the nature of the signaling effect.

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“…[11, 29, 30] Aversive aural stimuli with short durations (e.g., 5000 milliseconds [ms]) reduce unwanted behaviors more reliably than stimuli with longer durations. [29, 30] When sounds are very short (i.e., ≤ 200 ms), the human ear fails to discriminate acoustic properties typical of warning signals. [11] Thus, auditory warnings expressly designed to modify behavior might best fit in the 200 ms to 5000 ms range.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developing and Selecting Auditory Warnings for a Real-Time Behavioral Intervention

Bellettiere

Hughes

Liles

et al. 2014

AJPHR

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Real-time sensing and computing technologies are increasingly used in the delivery of real-time health behavior interventions. Auditory signals play a critical role in many of these interventions, impacting not only behavioral response but also treatment adherence and participant retention. Yet, few behavioral interventions that employ auditory feedback report the characteristics of sounds used and even fewer design signals specifically for their intervention. This paper describes a four-step process used in developing and selecting auditory warnings for a behavioral trial designed to reduce indoor secondhand smoke exposure. In step one, relevant information was gathered from ergonomic and behavioral science literature to assist a panel of research assistants in developing criteria for intervention-specific auditory feedback. In step two, multiple sounds were identified through internet searches and modified in accordance with the developed criteria, and two sounds were selected that best met those criteria. In step three, a survey was conducted among 64 persons from the primary sampling frame of the larger behavioral trial to compare the relative aversiveness of sounds, determine respondents' reported behavioral reactions to those signals, and assess participant's preference between sounds. In the final step, survey results were used to select the appropriate sound for auditory warnings. Ultimately, a single-tone pulse, 500 milliseconds (ms) in length that repeats every 270 ms for 3 cycles was chosen for the behavioral trial. The methods described herein represent one example of steps that can be followed to develop and select auditory feedback tailored for a given behavioral intervention.

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The Effect of Response-Dependent Tones on the Acquisition of Concurrent Behavior in Rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

The effects of 100 dB 1‐kHz and 22‐kHz tones as punishers on lever pressing in rats

The effects of 100 dB 1‐kHz and 22‐kHz tones as punishers on lever pressing in rats

The Effect of Signaled Reinforcement on Rats' Fixed‐interval Responding

Developing and Selecting Auditory Warnings for a Real-Time Behavioral Intervention

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