The effect of retinoic acid on positional memory in the dorsoventral axis of regenerating axolotl limbs

Ludolph, David C.; Cameron, Jo Ann; Stocum, David L.

doi:10.1016/0012-1606(90)90051-j

Cited by 79 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Double dorsal and double ventral stylopodia regenerate double dorsal and double ventral limbs, respectively, including symmetrical muscle patterns (Burton, Holder, & Jesani, 1986; Ludolph, Cameron, & Stocum, 1990). Double anterior zeugopodia regenerate two radii or tibias that converge distally, one to two carpals or tarsals and a single symmetrical digit, in contrast to double posterior zeugopodia which regenerate a double ulna or fibula and two symmetrical sets of posterior digits (Bryant & Baca, 1978; Holder et al., 1980; Krasner & Bryant, 1980; Stocum, 1978).…”

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, the blastemas of RA‐treated anterior and dorsal half zeugopodia completed the complementary posterior and ventral half patterns, respectively, while simultaneously duplicating stump structures in the PD axis (Fig. 7B, C) (Kim & Stocum, 1986a; Ludolph et al., 1990; Stocum & Thoms, 1984). The regenerates of RA‐treated anterior or ventral half zeugopodia are thus identical to those of amputated normal zeugopodia treated with RA.…”

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7D), whereas RA‐treated posterior and ventral half limbs and double posterior and double ventral limbs failed to regenerate (Kim & Stocum, 1986a; Ludolph et al., 1990). These results showed that RA not only proximalizes positional identity of blastema cells in amputated normal limbs, it simultaneously posteriorizes and ventralizes positional identity.…”

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

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109

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This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self‐organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?

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Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pattern Formation In the Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

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109

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“…Other experiments showed that RA also posteriorizes and ventralizes positional identity of blastema cells Kim and Stocum, 1986a,b;Ludolph et al, 1990;Monkmeyer et al, 1992). Retinoic acid exerts its effects by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs) that activate or inhibit retinoic acid response elements in the promoters of target genes (Mendelsohn et al, 1992).…”

Section: Retinoic Acid Modifies Positional Identity In All Three Axesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a double half anterior stylopodium regenerated only a symmetrical spike of cartilage, whereas a double half posterior stylopodium regenerated symmetrical double posterior zeugopodia and autopodia with up to six digits, suggesting an inequality of positional information in these halves of the stylopodium (Bryant, 1976;Stocum, 1978;Maden, 1979a;Holder et al, 1980;Krasner and Bryant, 1980;Wigmore and Holder, 1985). Subsequently, double half limb experiments showed that double dorsal stylopodia regenerate PD-complete symmetrical limbs, whereas double ventral stylopodia fail to regenerate (Ludolph et al, 1990).…”

Section: Models Of Pattern Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond

Stocum

Cameron

2011

Developmental Dynamics

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108

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The experimental study of amphibian limb regeneration spans most of the 20 th century and the first decade of the 21 st century. We first review the major questions investigated over this time span: (1) the origin of regeneration blastema cells, the mechanism of tissue breakdown that liberates cells from their tissue organization to participate in blastema formation, (3) the mechanism of dedifferentiation of these cells, (4) how the blastema grows, (5) how the blastema is patterned to restore the missing limb structures, and (6) why adult anurans, birds and mammals do not have the regenerative powers of urodele salamanders. We then look forward in a perspective to discuss the many unanswered questions raised by investigations of the past century, what new approaches can be taken to answer them, and what the prospects are for translation of basic research on limb regeneration into clinical means to regenerate human appendages. Developmental Dynamics 240:943-968,

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Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone may function through similar and competitive pathways in regenerating axolotls

Crawford

Vincenti

1998

J. Exp. Zool.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether thyroid hormone (TH) would interfere with retinoic acid (RA), which proximalizes axolotl larvae regenerate limb pattern. RA and TH are ligands for members of the steroid hormone thyroid hormone nuclear binding protein superfamily which form functional homodimers, but may also form stable heterodimers with the RXR protein and may recognize identical DNA sequences. TH alone does not affect limb pattern but induces metamorphosis in regenerating animals. Coinjected animals do not metamorphose, and when compared to RA controls regenerate more proximal and in some cases anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) duplicate limb structures. In addition, the tissues that are normally lost or changed during metamorphosis appear to be sensitized resulting in the formation of (1) new dorsal gill lamellae accompanied by bifurcation and broadening of the original gill lamellae, (2) partial resorption of the tail fin, and (3) changes in eye position and snout morphology. Bifurcation of gill lamellae tips, but not the formation of supernumerary gills, is also observed in animals treated with RA alone. These results indicate that the molecular mechanism of RA and TH function through similar and perhaps competitive pathways. J. Exp. Zool. 282:724–738, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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The effect of retinoic acid on positional memory in the dorsoventral axis of regenerating axolotl limbs

Cited by 79 publications

References 27 publications

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Looking proximally and distally: 100 years of limb regeneration and beyond

Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone may function through similar and competitive pathways in regenerating axolotls

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