The effect of root canal morphology on canal shape following instrumentation using different techniques

Accuracy of Root Length Determination Using Tri Auto ZX and ProTaper Instruments: An In Vitro Study

“…The ProTaper system features a short sequence of instruments where few recapitulations are necessary for root canal preparation (9,20). A detailed discussion of the features of the ProTaper system are beyond the scope of this article.…”

“…An accurate working length contributes to a safe and effective instrumentation (6,7). Unfortunately, canal preparation is adversely influenced by the highly variable root-canal anatomy (8,9) and the relative inability of the operator to visualize this anatomy from radiographs (10 -12). A study by Pineda and Kuttler (13) showed the foramen to be situated away from the anatomic apex in 83% of the teeth examined.…”

Ledge Formation: Review of a Great Challenge in Endodontics

“…This often results when the operator works the files short of the full canal length, and the canal becomes blocked at that "short point". This might create a ledge, or it might begin to form a new pathway at a tangent to the true pathway of the root canal (3). The presence of a ledge might exclude the possibility of achieving an adequately shaped canal preparation that reaches the ideal working length, and this can result in incomplete instrumentation and disinfection of the root canal system as well as incomplete filling of the canal.…”

Evaluation of the Impact of Raw Materials on the Fatigue and Mechanical Properties of ProFile Vortex Rotary Instruments

“…A lthough endodontic instruments cannot fully clean the root canal system because of the highly variable root canal anatomy (1)(2)(3)(4), instrument choices for canal shaping play a critical role in achieving the desired goal for obturation and for the prevention of ledging, canal transportation, file separation, and conservation of root structure (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). In the early 1900s, the first hand files/reamers used in endodontics were made of steels (carbon steel and stainless steel).…”