The effect of rugby shoulder padding on peak impact force attenuation

Harris, D A; Spears, Iain R.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.047449

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Other than changing game rules to reduce the incidence of player-on-player contact, previous attempts to reduce the impact of shoulder injuries by the use of pads, have proven unsuccessful. The pads appear to ''bottom out'' under higher-impact loads and therefore offer little protection when the athlete may need it most 23 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Injuries in Contact Flag Football

et al. 2014

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Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på journals.lww.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182694870 This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. The original publication is available at journals.lww.com: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182694870 Main Outcome Measures: All time-loss injuries sustained in game sessions were recorded by the off-the-field medical personnel and followed up by a more detailed phone injury surveillance questionnaire.Results: One hundred sixty-three injuries were reported, comprising 1 533 776 athletic exposures (AEs). The incidence rate was 0.11 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.09-0.12] per 1000 AEs, and incidence proportion was 10.66% (95% CI, 9.10-12.22). Seventy-six percent of the injuries were extrinsic in nature. Thirty percent of the injuries were to the fingers, thumb, and wrist, 17% to the knee, 17% to the head/face, 13% to the ankle, and 11% to the shoulder.Conclusions: Contact flag football results in a significant amount of moderate to severe injuries. These data may be used in the development of a formal American flag football injury database and in the development and implementation of a high-quality, randomized, prospective injury prevention study. This study should include the enforcement of the nopocket rule, appropriate headgear, self-fitting mouth guards, the use of ankle braces, and changing the blocking rules of the game.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Injuries in Contact Flag Football

et al. 2014

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“…). A better understanding of clavicle loading and breakage patterns may contribute to our ability to prevent this common diagnosis and inform design of safety equipment such as seatbelts, athletic shoulder pads or bullet‐resistant vests (Throckmorton & Kuhn, ; Harris & Spears, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histovariability in human clavicular cortical bone microstructure and its mechanical implications

et al. 2019

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The human clavicle (i.e. collarbone) is an unusual long bone due to its signature S‐shaped curve and variability in macrostructure observed between individuals. Because of the complex nature of how the upper limb moves, as well as due to its complex musculoskeletal arrangement, the biomechanics, in particular the mechanical loadings, of the clavicle are not fully understood. Given that bone remodeling can be influenced by bone stress, the histologic organization of Haversian bone offers a hypothesis of responses to force distributions experienced across a bone. Furthermore, circularly polarized light microscopy can be used to determine the orientation of collagen fibers, providing additional information on how bone matrix might organize to adapt to direction of external loads. We examined Haversian density and collagen fiber orientation, along with cross‐sectional geometry, to test whether the clavicle midshaft shows unique adaptation to atypical load‐bearing when compared with the sternal (medial) and acromial (lateral) shaft regions. Because fractures are most common at the midshaft, we predicted that the cortical bone structure would show both disparities in Haversian remodeling and nonrandomly oriented collagen fibers in the midshaft compared with the sternal and acromial regions. Human clavicles (n = 16) were sampled via thin‐sections at the sternal, middle, and acromial ends of the shaft, and paired sample t‐tests were employed to evaluate within‐individual differences in microstructural or geometric properties. We found that Haversian remodeling is slightly but significantly reduced in the middle of the bone. Analysis of collagen fiber orientation indicated nonrandom fiber orientations that are overbuilt for tensile loads or torsion but are poorly optimized for compressive loads throughout the clavicle. Geometric properties of percent bone area, polar second moment of area, and shape (Imax/Imin) confirmed the conclusions drawn by existing research on clavicle macrostructure. Our results highlight that mediolateral shape changes might be accompanied by slight changes in Haversian density, but bone matrix organization is predominantly adapted to resisting tensile strains or torsion throughout and may be a major factor in the risk of fracture when experiencing atypical compression.

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“…Of the specific diagnoses, shoulder dislocations amounted to the most days lost per injury. Further investigation of potentially modifiable risk factors such as tackle technique, 30 shoulder strength and range of movement deficits, and improvements in protective pads 21 is required so that targeted prevention programs aimed at reducing the injury burden of shoulder injuries within international Rugby Union can be implemented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Risk in International Rugby Union

Moore

Ranson

Mathema³

2015

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background:Within international Rugby Union, only injury rates during the Rugby World Cup have been reported. Therefore, injury rates and types during other international tournaments are unknown.Purpose:To assess the 3-year incidence, severity, nature, and causes of match and training injuries sustained during different international tournaments played by the Welsh national Rugby Union team.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:Injury data for all players (n = 78) selected for 1 national Rugby Union team over a 3-year period were analyzed using the international consensus statement methods. Player height (cm) and mass (kg) were recorded. Tournaments were grouped for comparisons as: autumn tournaments (2012 and 2013), Rugby World Cup (RWC; 2011), Six Nations (2012, 2013, and 2014), and summer tournaments (2012, 2013, and 2014). Injury incidence (injuries/1000 hours), prevalence (% of players unavailable), and severity (days lost) were calculated for each tournament. Injury location, type, and cause of match and training injuries were analyzed.Results:Match injury incidence was highest during autumn tournaments (262.5/1000 match-hours) and lowest during the RWC (178.6/1000 match-hours). Summer tournaments had the highest training incidence (5.5 injuries/1000 training-hours). Mild injuries were most likely during the RWC (risk ratio [RR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.26-3.24), while severe injuries were most likely during autumn tournaments (RR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.70-6.29). Quadriceps hematomas (18.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 11.3-31.1) and concussions (13.8/1000 match-hours; 95% CI, 7.6-24.8) were the most common match injuries, with shoulder dislocations being the most severe (111 mean days lost per injury).Conclusion:Injury rates were considerably higher than those previously reported for multiple teams during RWC tournaments. Further investigation of injury rates and risk factors is recommended to accurately gauge their impact within international Rugby Union, particularly with regard to lower limb hematoma, concussion, and shoulder injuries.

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The effect of rugby shoulder padding on peak impact force attenuation

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

The Epidemiology of Injuries in Contact Flag Football

The Epidemiology of Injuries in Contact Flag Football

Histovariability in human clavicular cortical bone microstructure and its mechanical implications

Injury Risk in International Rugby Union

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