The effect of ruthenium additions on the hardness, toughness and grain size of WC–Co

Shing, T.L.; Luyckx, S.; Northrop, I.T.; Wolff, I. M.

doi:10.1016/s0263-4368(00)00048-2

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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Section: * Dst-nrf Centre Of Excellence In Strong Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2009) and Olaseinde et al (2012), Potgieter (1995, to explain the effect, Van der Lingen and Sandenbergh (2001), and there is also work on ion implantation of PGMs in an attempt to retard stress corrosion cracking. Shing et al (2001) added ruthenium to WC-Co alloys as a strengthener, with improved results and this also has potential for improving the corrosion resistance.Nickel-based superalloys (NBSAs) have excellent mechanical properties due to precipitation strengthening of small, stable, ordered particles and have long been the 'standard' for aerospace alloys, although now lighter titanium alloys are being targeted for some of the components at lower temperatures. Platinum has similar chemistry to nickel and so reacts similarly with the alloying elements and has been investigated as a potential substitute in higher temperature alloys in even more aggressive environments (Coupland et al., 1980; Fischer et al, 1997 Fischer et al, , 1999a Fischer et al, , 1999b Fischer et al, , 2001Völkl et al, 2000;Wolff and Hill, 2000).…”

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confidence: 99%

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PGMs: A cornucopia of possible applications

Cornish¹

2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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South Africa has been mining PGMs for many years and has a vested interest in the usefulness of these metals, although originally, there was little thought about downstream beneficiation and some of the products were later purchased, in effect repurchasing the raw materials. However, for about 20 years, it has been realised that in order to build wealth sustainably, at least some of the beneficiation and development has to be done in South Africa. This is because for each stage of beneficiation, the value of the commodity increases and so to buy the PGMs back in a later state is uneconomical. Also, the industries need to be established here in South Africa, so that South Africans can work in them and become part of the workforce and generate their own wealth and sustainability for their families. This is part of the rationale of the AMI.In order to drive this, as well as a viable commercial strategy, with viable and wanted products, there has to be something different in the production mixture, for example, the product has to be better, new or cheaper. This is where research is used to try and develop new capabilities, or to improve them. PGMs, application, product development. PGMs: A cornucopia of possible applications and thermal conductivity of Pt are important (Fischer, 1992). Mechanically, Pt alloyed with rhodium or iridium combine high ductility with adequate creep strength and these properties give the alloys potential for applications in the chemical, space technology and glass industries (Fischer, 2001;Whalen, 1988; Lupton, 1990). In the spacecraft industry, PGMs are used to increase the heat resistance of rocket engine nozzles. A very important application is the manufacture of high-purity optical glasses and glass fibres by using platinum-containing tank furnaces, stirrers and feeders to withstand the high temperatures, mechanical loads and corrosive attack under the glass manufacturing and shaping conditions. In glasses, outstanding purity, homogeneity and the absence of bubble inclusions can be achieved only by using platinum alloys. If ceramic melting vessels were used, ceramic particles would be loosened by erosion, which would contaminate the glass melts and so compromise the desired optical properties such as transmittance. The alloys are expensive, but there are very few other materials that could replace platinum without risk of compromising the product. Thus, this is a valuable and safe use for platinum and some of its alloys. * DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Strong MaterialsAnother 'standard use' of PGMs is in thermocouples and this arises because of their high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as stability due to their high corrosion resistance. Typical alloys are Pt-Rh and Pt-Ru. The thermocouples do eventually degrade in aggressive environments and become brittle, but usually without much impairment of the electrical and conductive properties.A long-standing use of PGMs is in catalysts and South Africa has established an autocatalyst manufacturing and refurbishment plant for...

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Section: * Dst-nrf Centre Of Excellence In Strong Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PGMs: A cornucopia of possible applications

Cornish¹

2017

J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall.

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“…der Lingen & Sandenbergh, 2001;Shing et al, 2001), without the disadvantage of stabilising the lower temperature ~Pt 3 Al forms, although chromium could be used to offset the latter effect (Hill et al, , 2001e & 2002. Lattice parameters were measured by XRD, using the (220) peak for (Pt) lattice parameters, (112) for tetragonal D0c Pt 3 Al, and (211) for cubic L1 2 Pt 3 Al.…”

Section: Relation Of Deformation To Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum-Based Alloys and Coatings: Materials for the Future?

Cornish¹,

Chown²

2011

Advances in Gas Turbine Technology

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“…It is of interest because ruthenium increases the corrosion resistance of titanium alloys, [1] hardmetals [2] and stainless steels, [3] and yttrium has been used as a component for coating Ni-based alloys. [4] The Ni-Ru (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A structure type for Y(Ru x Ni 1Àx ) 2 , where x = 0 À 0.78 (i.e. $YNi 2 up to Y 33 Ru 52 Ni 15 ) was reported as Cu 2 Mg. [6] Chunxiao et al [7] studied the transect from YNi 2 to YRu 2 in Ni-Ru-Y and found a two-phase region between the binary phase extensions, and that $YNi 2 extended much further into the ternary than $YRu 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquidus Projection Surface and Isothermal Section at 1200 °C of Ni-Ru-Y

Coetzee

Cornish

Witcomb

et al. 2015

J. Phase Equilib. Diffus.

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Scanning electron microscopy studies with energy dispersive x-ray analyses of as-cast and annealed samples of Ni-Ru-Y were used to produce a solidification projection, a liquidus projection surface and an isothermal section at 1200°C. The $YNi 2 , $YNi 3 and $YRu 2 phases had wider solubilities than line compounds, and also extended the furthest into the system. The binary phase extensions into the ternary were: $51 at.% Ru for $YNi 2 ; $22 at.% Ru for $YNi 3 ; $13 at.% Ru for $YNi 5 ; $7 at.% Ru for $YNi; $12 at.% Ni for $YRu 2 and $10 at.% for $Y 44 Ru 25 . Ruthenium stabilised $YNi 2 , so that it solidified at a higher temperature in the ternary than in the Ni-Y binary. A ternary phase was confirmed at Y 51 Ru 15 Ni 34 (at.%), which forms in a peritectic reaction. The $Y 3 Ru and $Y 3 Ni phases were isomorphous and formed a continuous solid solution. Heat treatment at 1200°C gave the phases: (Ru),

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The effect of ruthenium additions on the hardness, toughness and grain size of WC–Co

Cited by 50 publications

References 2 publications

PGMs: A cornucopia of possible applications

PGMs: A cornucopia of possible applications

Platinum-Based Alloys and Coatings: Materials for the Future?

Liquidus Projection Surface and Isothermal Section at 1200 °C of Ni-Ru-Y

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