The Effect of Sb and Pb Doping on the Critical Temperature of the Bi1.6Pb x Sb y Sr2Ca2Cu3O z Superconductor

The role of sol-gel method and doping Ba in the drastic reduction of the annealing time and the improvement of the coupling between grains of Bi1.6Pb0.4 Sr2-xBaxCa2Cu3Oy superconductor

“…show that with increased annealing up to 48 h, a fraction of the Bi-2223 phase increases. The volume fraction of the phases can be estimated with relation 1 [22]. The volume fractions of the phases for all samples are given in the Tables 1-3.…”

Effect of Sb2O3 and/or CdO nanoparticle substitution on the properties of high-TC superconducting Bi1.6-x SbxPb0.4Sr2Ca2-yCdyCu3OZ material

“…Moreover, the configuration of this phase is strongly depending on the process conditions such as sintering condition, annealing time and time of thermal processing. in this field several attempts have been made to promote the formation of the high T C phase: The accurate control of the sintering temperature and heat treatment for long periods (more than 200 hours [5][6][7], moreover synthesis atmosphere, sintering under low oxygen pressure, as well as the modification the components of a starting materials, such as, substitution for a part of Bi by combinations of Tl 0.3-x Sn x [8], part of Ca by Dy [9], part of Ca by holmium [10]. To date, an appropriate mechanism for the formation and strengthening of 2223 phase, for Bisystem as a single-phase has not yet been established.…”