The effect of screw‐press and hydraulic‐press processing conditions on pigment glands in cottonseed

Abstract

SummaryA procedure is given for estimating the amount of intact pigment glands in cottonseed kernels and meal.The amounts of intact pigment glands, free gossypol, and total gossypol in uncooked meats, cooked meats, and press cake samples from commercial hydraulic‐press mills, a screw‐press mill, and laboratory‐scale tests were determined. It was observed that when meats were cooked with adequate moisture present, as is common in hydraulic‐press mills, most of the free gossypol was converted to bound gossypol during the cooking operation and further conversion during the pressing stage was of slight magnitude. The trend of the change in percentage of recoverable glands was roughly parallel to that of the free gossypol. By contrast, in the screw‐press mill where cooking was carried out without the addition of moisture, little change in either component occurred during cooking, but both were reduced to very low levels during passage of the cooked meats through the screw press.In laboratory tests cooked cottonseed meats were subjected to hydraulic pressures at levels of 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. of cake surface. When meats were cooked at low moisture content, no significant change in either free gossypol or recoverable glands occurred during cooking, but hydraulic pressing at both 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. reduced the percentage of recoverable glands. No corresponding decrease in free gossypol during pressing could be found. Wet cooking of meats decreased the percentages of free gossypol and intact glands and, although hydraulic pressing failed to further reduce the free gossypol, the percentage of recoverable glands was sharply reduced by pressing at both levels of pressure.It is suggested that the high degree of effectiveness of the screw press in rupturing and disintegrating pigment glands in cottonseed meats is due to the development of shearing forces in combination with direct or compressive type pressure. It is believed that a shearing action is more effective for this purpose than compressive force of similar magnitude.

Cottonseed Kernel Powder as a Natural Health Supplement: An Approach to Reduce the Gossypol Content and Maximize the Nutritional Benefits

“…It can be deduced from the aforementioned Figure 7b that by increasing the number of extraction cycles to higher no. (4) and LSR to a higher level (10) resulted in a maximum reduction in free gossypol percentage. The combined effect of the number of extraction cycles and time on FGR percentage has been shown in Figure 7a.…”

“…It can be deduced from the aforementioned Figure 7b that by increasing the number of extraction cycles to higher no. (4) and LSR to a higher level (10) resulted in a maximum reduction in free gossypol percentage.…”

“…In this case, the time has a negligible effect on FGR at a constant level of LSR, whereas the LSR has a significant influence on FGR at any time. It was observed that at a lower level of LSR and time, FGR is also less, whereas the maximum reduction in free gossypol was recorded at a higher level of LSR (10) and time (60 min). The reason being the more acetone will be available for mixing the gossypol in it.…”

“…Several approaches have been performed for the reduction of gossypols such as pressure cooking [9], hydraulic pressing, screw pressing [10], solvent/alkali-salt extraction [3,11,12], liquid cyclone process [3,13], microbial fermentation [14][15][16], and ultrasound technique for detoxification of gossypol from cottonseed meal [17]. Among all methods, the solvent-based removal of gossypol from cottonseed meal has been found commercially viable due to the dissolution of the solute (gossypol) in the acidified solvents [18,19].…”

Cottonseed: A sustainable contributor to global protein requirements

“…In this method, the solute CSM is dissolved in a liquid solvent, which facilitates the close association of gossypol with the solvent. The choice of solvent to be utilized is dependent upon the solubility of the solute in the desired solvent, effectiveness of the process, nontoxicity, reusability, and low cost (Gribbins, 1951, Smith, 1971Batson et al, 1951;Thurber et al, 1954). The benefits of the solvent extraction technique include the good extraction efficiency of gossypol with very low economic inputs.…”