The effect of simple heat treatment on apatite formation on grit‐blasted/acid‐etched dental Ti implants already in clinical use

Abstract

Grit-blasted/acid-etched titanium dental implants have a moderately roughened surface that is suitable for cell adhesion and exhibits faster osseointegration. However, the roughened surface does not always maintain stable fixation over a long period. In this study, a simple heat treatment at 600 C was performed on a commercially available dental Ti implant with grit-blasting/acid-etching, and its effect on mineralization capacity was assessed by examining apatite formation in a simulated body fluid (SBF).The as-purchased implant displayed a moderately roughened surface at the micrometer scale. Its surface was composed of titanium hydride accompanied by a small amount of alumina particles derived from the grit-blasting. Heat treatment transformed the titanium hydride into rutile without evidently changing the surface morphology. The immersion in SBF revealed that apatite formed on the heated implant at 7 days. Furthermore, apatite formed on the Ti rod surface within 1 day when the metal was subjected to acid and heat treatment without blasting. These indicate that apatite formation was conferred on the commercially available dental implant by simple heat treatment, although its induction period was slightly affected by alumina particles remaining on the implant surface. The heat-treated implant should achieve stronger and more stable bone bonding due to its apatite formation.

Improved Biocompatibility and Osseointegration of Nanostructured Calcium-Incorporated Titanium Implant Surface Treatment (XPEED^®)

“…When sedimented for 14 d, the entire surface was completely covered with apatite, confirming significant apatite growth. Apatite is composed of Ca 2+ , PO4 3-, and -OH functional groups [50]. The mechanism of apatite formation involves attracting Ca 2+ ions of m-SBF with -OH and PO4 3present on the apatite surface [51].…”

Improved Biocompatibility and Osseointegration of Nanostructured Calcium-Incorporated Titanium Implant Surface Treatment (XPEED®)

“…When sedimented for 14 d, the entire surface was completely covered with apatite, confirming significant apatite growth. Apatite is composed of Ca 2+ , PO 4 3− , and -OH functional groups [ 53 ]. The mechanism of apatite formation involves attracting Ca 2+ ions of m-SBF with –OH and PO 4 3− present on the apatite surface [ 54 ].…”

Soft and Hard Tissue Integration around Percutaneous Bone-Anchored Titanium Prostheses: Toward Achieving Holistic Biointegration

“…Also, Ti subjected to acid etching with HCl and H 2 SO 4 results in hydrogen adsorption and the creation of a stable titanium hydride (TiH 2 ) surface layer . Heat treatment converts the TiH 2 surface layer into rutile (TiO 2 ) that can elicit apatite formation on modified Ti implant when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) . Therefore, it is being reiterated that physical methods of roughening Ti like SLA and anodic oxidation lead to the formation of a titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) passivation layer which displays enhanced bone-to-implant contact (BIC), corrosion resistance, and mechanical and chemical implant stability.…”