The effect of sintering temperature on the microstructure and functional properties of BCZT-xCeO2 lead free ceramics

Structure and electrical properties of BCZT ceramics derived from microwave-assisted sol–gel-hydrothermal synthesized powders

“…Modes at 149, 197, 292, 525, 730 cm −1 can be clearly observed respectively. Modes at about 149 and 197 cm −1 reflect the existence of the rhombohedral phase 25 , while modes at about 292, 525 and 730 cm −1 prove the existence of the tetragonal phase 26 , which agrees well with previous reports 27,28 . Thus, the result of Raman spectra indicates he coexistence of two phases in MPB structure of BCZT ceramics.…”

Synthesis of high density sub-10 µm (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3-xCeO2 lead-free ceramics using a two-step sintering technique

“…the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition (T O-T ) near 32ºC and the tetragonalcubic phase transition (T C ) at around 100ºC. Similar results were obtained in our previous study [30]. A small amount of CeO 2 doping (x = 0.02-0.07%) did not change the crystal structure but significantly increased the relative permittivity (ε r ).…”

“…CeO 2 showed the same double effect here. The mechanism of CeO 2 on BCZT ceramics is more complex and is described in our previous study in detail [30]. Moreover, Ce ions possibly exist in two valance states, i.e.…”

“…Nonetheless, reports showing the effects of sub-10 µm grain sizes on the functional properties of (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15 ) (Zr 0.1 T i0.9 ) O 3 ceramics are rare. However, reducing the grain size (<10 µm) while maintaining fairly good properties for BCZT ceramics is a challenge [29,30]. Thus, a two-step sintering technique was introduced in order to further reduce the grain size of these ceramics and study the effects on their functional properties.…”

Composition driven (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O3 lead‐free ceramics with large quality factor and energy harvesting characteristics

“…The appealing electromechanical properties such as piezoelectric constant d 33 > 500 pC/N, normalized piezoelectric coefficient d 33 * > 1000 pm/V in the composition range of (Ba 0.88 Ca 0.12 )(Zr 0.12 Ti 0.88 )O 3 (6/4 BZT/BCT) and (Ba 0.82 Ca 0.18 )(Zr 0.08 Ti 0.92 )O 3 (4/6 BZT/BCT) albeit, restricted to a limited temperature range, which was discussed in an exhaustive review. 6 In addition, the properties of BZT/BCT ceramics are reported to be affected by the synthesis methods, [7][8][9][10] sintering temperatures and the dwell time, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] grain size, 8,9,[11][12][13][14][15] poling conditions, 7,[18][19][20] and different stoichiometric ratios. 21,22 Energy harvesting from surrounding vibrations has attracted significant attention as it can offer a sustainable power supply for low energy consumption devices.…”