The effect of smoking on the marginal bone loss around implant-supported prostheses

Abstract

INTRODUCTION Implantology has led to several changes in the planning process involved in the application of dental prostheses to diminish bone level changes along the margins of dental implants. However, the relationship between smoking and marginal bone loss around dental implants, supporting both fixed and removable prostheses has not been investigated. We hypothesize that the design of different prostheses alter the effects of smoking, which consequently affects the amount of supporting alveolar bone. METHODS In this study, we included 137 implants in the ‘implant-supported fixed prostheses’ (ISFP) group (31 smokers, 106 non-smokers) and 94 implants (21 smokers, 73 non-smokers) in the ‘implant-supported removable prostheses’ (ISRP) group. The corresponding patients were examined in routine recall sessions conducted at 6, 12 and 24 months after the placement of the dental prostheses. The recorded clinical periodontal parameters were the presence/ absence of a plaque index, bleeding index, and the probing depths. These periodontal parameters were assessed in conjunction with marginal bone level measurements. Comparative bone level measurements were obtained from radiographical images at ×20 magnification using the CorelDraw 11.0 software program. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistical Software version 21.0. RESULTS The overall clinical parameters were found to be poorer in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.05). In all the groups, time-dependent bone loss was observed. However, among the patients with ISRPs, smokers were associated with significantly greater marginal bone loss compared to patients with ISFPs (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In smokers with dental ISRPs, the marginal bone loss rates are likely to reach critical levels. Therefore, after the placement of prostheses, strict recall periods with a dental professional should be observed, and their guidance should be implemented in order to monitor the health of the bones around the implants.

Two-Dimensional Analysis of Digital Images through Vector Graphic Editors in Dentistry: New Calibration and Analysis Protocol Based on a Scoping Review

“…The selected papers date between 2006 and 2019 [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], are written in English, and are from the following countries: Brazil ( n = 8), Bulgary ( n = 1), Canada ( n = 1), China ( n = 1), Estonia ( n = 1), Japan ( n = 1), Jordan ( n = 1), India ( n = 2), Poland ( n = 1), Saudi Arabia ( n = 1), and Turkey ( n = 3). Supplemental Table S1 shows the results of the variables analysed in the selected papers.…”

“…The registered studies were: in vitro study ( n = 4) [ 22 , 23 , 29 , 31 ], fine element study ( n = 1) [ 27 ], cross-sectional study ( n = 9) [ 20 , 21 , 25 , 30 , 32 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 ], case–control ( n = 4) [ 24 , 28 , 33 , 36 ], and cohort study ( n = 3) [ 26 , 38 , 40 ].…”

“…The dental specialties covered in the research were: endodontics ( n = 3) [ 22 , 23 , 31 ], restorative dentistry ( n = 3) [ 27 , 33 , 36 ], orthodontics ( n = 8) [ 24 , 25 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], and prosthodontics ( n = 7) [ 20 , 21 , 26 , 28 , 34 , 35 , 40 ].…”

“…CorelDRAW (Corel Corp and Coral Ltd., Ottawa, ON, Canada) ( n = 19), in its different versions, was the most used VGE among the included works [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Adobe Illustrator (Adobe Systems Inc, San Jose, CA, USA) was used in two studies [ 25 , 37 ], and none of the selected articles described applications with Inkscape.…”

Prevalence of oral conditions among methamphetamine users: NHANES 2009–2014

“…We performed unadjusted and adjusted Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses to examine the association between lifetime MA history (current, former, never), lifetime MA intensity (ever established, experimented, never used) and oral health outcomes (untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and missing teeth). For the multivariable regression analysis, independent variables included age, sex, race, education, poverty, alcohol, and cigarette smoking; the latter variable was included for its direct association with oral health outcomes 17,18 . For both models, we reported the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).…”