The Effect of Smoking on the Ocular Surface and the Precorneal Tear Film

Thomas, Jyothi

doi:10.21767/amj.2012.1035

Cited by 15 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…One study on cigarette smoking on the retina concluded that the longer the number of days exposed to nicotine in the treated group, the more the degree of architectural distortions and cellular degenerations (Thomas et al, 2012). This is consistent with our findings, which showed edema, mononuclear inflammatory cells, and vascularization of the stroma with 8 weeks exposure to nicotine in 80% of our specimens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…1-6 mg of nicotine, apart from 1-5% carbon monoxide present in the smoke. Tobacco smoke, as an exogenous source of reactive oxygen species, has a broad spectrum of oxidant-ionizing radiation, which generates free radicals in exposed tissues and causes hypoxia, vascular injury, and ischemia (Thomas et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is very little evidence on the effects of tobacco smoke on the eye, especially regarding anterior ocular surface-related pathology. Increasing evidence demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a crucial etiological role in the development of eye-related disease (Thomas et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nicotine, curcumin, and cornea

Karam¹,

Issa²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2014

Egyptian Journal of Pathology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine, curcumin, and cornea

Karam¹,

Issa²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2014

Egyptian Journal of Pathology

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“…Exposure to traffic pollution and combustion products has been associated with adverse effects on the PTF, for example, in the form of discomfort and reduced BUT, as found for exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, although the causalities remain unclear …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Wolkoff

2016

Indoor Air

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Eye irritation, for example dry or irritated eyes, is generally among top three reported symptoms in office-like environments, in particular among workplaces with cognitive demanding visual display unit (VDU) work. The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages and particularly among women more than men. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic. To be in a position to interpret the high prevalence of eye symptoms, a multidisciplinary and integrated approach is necessary that involves the external eye physiology (separate from internal eye effects), eye diseases (evaporative dry eye (DE), aqueous-deficient DE, and gland dysfunctions), and risk factors that aggravate the stability of precorneal tear film (PTF) resulting in hyperosmolarity and initiation of inflammatory reactions. Indoor environmental, occupational and personal risk factors may aggravate the PTF stability; factors such as age, contact lenses, cosmetics, diet, draft, gender, low humidity and high temperature, medication, outdoor and combustion pollutants, and VDU work.Psychological stressors may further influence the reporting behavior of eye symptoms.The impact of the risk factors may occur in a combined and exacerbating manner. The symptoms are also among the most commonly reported complaints in the eye clinic, 8 and dry eye disease (DED) is the most common cause of chronic eye irritation in patients over age of 50. 9,10 These external symptoms, as opposed to internal symptoms such as tired or strained eyes (asthenopia) as already described by Dante in 1304-1307, 11 are categorized as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms.12 The symptoms are especially among middle and advanced ages throughout the world and expected to increase due to visually highly demanding workplaces increase continuously and so does the average age of the workforce.Indoor air pollution and low relative humidity (RH) have been proposed to explain the external DE symptoms; furthermore, a number of occupational and personal risk factors have been suggested to exacerbate the symptom reporting. 13 For instance, high ozone concentrations, especially in aircraft, have been proposed to initiate both gas (homogeneous) and surface (heterogeneous) reactions with reactive substances to produce a complex host of gas-and particle-phase products, for example formaldehyde. 14-16 The key question in search of causality for DE symptoms in office workers is how important indoor air pollution is in comparison with occupational, environmental, and personal risk factors. For instance, reported DE symptoms among young and middle-aged Japanese office workers were significantly higher among those with clinically diagnosed DED (12%) than in those with probable (54%) or undiagnosed DED (34%);

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“…102 The OS mucosal response has not been analysed under comparable conditions, but given the evidence that a pro-inflammatory response does take place at the OS epithelium, [97][98][99][100] it is plausible to consider a similar disruptive effect on the local mucosal response. In this regard, it is interesting to consider the evidence of increased DED incidence and severity in smokers, 103,104 an OS disease with an entirely different immunopathology but that shares the kick-start of mucosal tolerance disruption in its pathogenesis. 71,72 The therapeutic aspect of OS mucosal tolerance has been explored for vaccination purposes 105 and for treating uveitis, 56 but not specifically for ocular allergy.…”

Section: Ocular Allergymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal immune tolerance at the ocular surface in health and disease

2017

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SummaryThe ocular surface is constantly exposed to environmental irritants, allergens and pathogens, against which it can mount a prompt immune response to preserve its integrity. But to avoid unnecessary inflammation, the ocular surface's mucosal immune system must also discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens, a seemingly complicated task. Despite its unique features, the ocular surface is a mucosal lining, and as such, it shares some homeostatic and pathophysiological mechanisms with other mucosal surfaces. The purpose of this review is to explore the mucosal homeostatic immune function of the ocular surface in both the healthy and diseased states, with a special focus on mucosal immunology concepts. The information discussed in this review has been retrieved by PubMed searches

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The Effect of Smoking on the Ocular Surface and the Precorneal Tear Film

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Nicotine, curcumin, and cornea

Nicotine, curcumin, and cornea

External eye symptoms in indoor environments

Mucosal immune tolerance at the ocular surface in health and disease

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