The effect of soap distribution on diarrhoea: Nyamithuthu Refugee Camp

Ea, Peterson; Roberts, Leslie; Mj, Toole; De, Peterson

doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.520

Cited by 70 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The association of soap with poor general physical health was also shown in the study with IDPs in northern Uganda [10]. This could possibly be explained by the absence of soap contributing to diarrhoeal disease and worsening physical health [47,48]. Soap may also act as a proxy for other factors not adequately captured in the analysis such as acute poverty or lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation, and further investigation is required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and trauma exposure on the overall health of a conflict-affected population in Southern Sudan

Roberts

Damundu²,

Lomoro

et al. 2010

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundThere remains limited evidence on how armed conflict affects overall physical and mental well-being rather than specific physical or mental health conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and violent and traumatic events on general physical and mental health in Southern Sudan which is emerging from 20 years of armed conflict.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 1228 adults was conducted in November 2007 in the town of Juba, the capital of Southern Sudan. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to investigate the associations and relative influence of variables in three models of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and trauma exposure, on general physical and mental health status. These models were run separately and also as a combined model. Data quality and the internal consistency of the health status instrument (SF-8) were assessed.ResultsThe variables in the multivariate analysis (combined model) with negative coefficients of association with general physical health and mental health (i.e. worse health), respectively, were being female (coef. -2.47; -2.63), higher age (coef.-0.16; -0.17), absence of soap in the household (physical health coef. -2.24), and experiencing within the past 12 months a lack of food and/or water (coef. -1.46; -2.27) and lack of medical care (coef.-3.51; -3.17). A number of trauma variables and cumulative exposure to trauma showed an association with physical and mental health (see main text for data). There was limited variance in results when each of the three models were run separately and when they were combined, suggesting the pervasive influence of these variables. The SF-8 showed good data quality and internal consistency.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence on the pervasive influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and violent and traumatic events on the general physical and mental health of a conflict-affected population in Southern Sudan, and highlights the importance of addressing all these influences on overall health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

The influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and trauma exposure on the overall health of a conflict-affected population in Southern Sudan

Roberts

Damundu²,

Lomoro

et al. 2010

BMC Public Health

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“…Studies have documented reduced impact of hygiene and handwashing improvements when water availability or water consumption is low. 29,34,35 Water supply improvements, which can result in improvements in both water quality and water quantity, may have had an independent effect on health outcomes. 7,8 Because we used water scarcity criteria to define separate study arms, each with a unique control group, direct comparisons between study groups should be made with caution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on the Health of Younger Siblings of Pupils: a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Kenya

et al. 2014

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Diarrhea accounts for 700 000 deaths per year among children younger than 5 years, 1 or 10.5% of total under-5 mortality. 2 These deaths are largely preventable. An estimated 85% of diarrhea mortality is attributed to unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, and substandard hygiene practices. 3 A recent meta-analysis calculated reductions in diarrhea associated with hand-washing promotion, water quality improvements, and improvements in excreta disposal of 48%, 17%, and 36%, respectively. 4 These estimates have been widely adopted in the international health community. 5,6 Although some studies have found limited evidence of health impact associated with water supply improvements, 7 emerging research suggests that relationships between water supply and diarrhea may be mediated by several factors, including collection time and distance to source. 8,9Estimates of the health impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions on children younger than 5 years are derived from interventions that promote or improve services and practices in domestic environments. 4 The impact of WASH improvements at institutions-such as schools-on child diarrhea remains underexplored. WASH interventions in schools can influence diarrheal outcomes among children younger than 5 years who themselves are not attending school through 2 primary pathways. First, these interventions may result in the diffusion of improved practices and behaviors to domestic environments and the broader community. important to understand the extent to which school interventions affect younger children. We analyzed data from a cluster-randomized trial in Kenya to quantify the impact of school WASH improvements on parent-reported diarrhea and clinic visits for gastrointestinal symptoms among children younger than 5 years living in households within the catchment areas of study schools. METHODSOur study was embedded within a larger trial that assessed the health and educational impacts of WASH improvements carried out in schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Following a rapid assessment of school conditions conducted by the Ministry of Education, we divided schools into 2 study groups according to water availability: water-available schools had a dry season water source within 1 kilometer; water-scarce schools had no improved water source within 2 kilometers and no dry season source of any kind within 1 kilometer. We excluded schools that met government-mandated pupil-to-latrine ratios (25 to 1 for girls, 30 to 1 for boys) from the study. 22Objectives. We examined the impact of school water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions on diarrhea-related outcomes among younger siblings of school-going children.Methods. We conducted a cluster-randomized trial among 185 schools in Kenya from 2007 to 2009. We assigned schools to 1 of 2 study groups according to water availability. Multilevel logistic regression models, adjusted for baseline measures, assessed differences between intervention and control arms in 1-week period prevalence of diarrhea and 2...

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“…After a programme to distribute soap in a Malawi refugee camp for Mozambican refugees, households with soap reported 27% fewer episodes of diarrhoea than those without. 15 In the same camps, prevention of household contamination of water with a covered container and spout reduced diarrhoeal disease in children younger than 5 years by 31%. 16 …”

Section: Diarrhoeal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Child health in complex emergencies

Moss¹

2004

Bull World Health Organ

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Coordinated and effective interventions are critical for relief efforts to be successful in addressing the health needs of children in situations of armed conflict, population displacement, and/or food insecurity. We reviewed published literature and surveyed international relief organizations engaged in child health activities in complex emergencies. Our aim was to identify research needs and improve guidelines for the care of children. Much of the literature details the burden of disease and the causes of morbidity and mortality; few interventional studies have been published. Surveys of international relief organizations showed that most use World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and ministry of health guidelines designed for use in stable situations. Organizations were least likely to have formal guidelines on the management of asphyxia, prematurity, and infection in neonates; diagnosis and management of children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; active case-finding and treatment of tuberculosis; paediatric trauma; and the diagnosis and management of mental-health problems in children. Guidelines often are not adapted to the different types of health-care workers who provide care in complex emergencies. Evidence-based, locally adapted guidelines for the care of children in complex emergencies should be adopted by ministries of health, supported by WHO and UNICEF, and disseminated to international relief organizations to ensure appropriate, effective, and uniform care.Keywords Child welfare; Child health services; Emergencies; Disasters; Diarrhea/therapy; Measles/epidemiology; HIV infections/ diagnosis/therapy; Malaria/prevention and control; Nutrition disorders/therapy; Infant mortality; Child mortality; Refugees; Infant, Newborn; Child; Practice guidelines; Review literature (source: MeSH, NLM). Voir page 62 le résumé en français. En la página 62 figura un resumen en español. Mots clés

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The effect of soap distribution on diarrhoea: Nyamithuthu Refugee Camp

Cited by 70 publications

References 4 publications

The influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and trauma exposure on the overall health of a conflict-affected population in Southern Sudan

The influence of demographic characteristics, living conditions, and trauma exposure on the overall health of a conflict-affected population in Southern Sudan

The Impact of School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions on the Health of Younger Siblings of Pupils: a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Kenya

Child health in complex emergencies

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