The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland

Ong, Lin Kooi; Bobrovskaya, Larisa; Walker, Frederick R.; Day, Trevor A.; Dickson, Phillip W.; Dunkley, Peter R.

doi:10.1007/s11064-010-0255-7

Cited by 14 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…4). This result is consistent with other reports that the availability of TH protein is not affected rapidly by acute exposure to stimuli or pharmacological manipulation [36], [54], [57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Of the possible sites, the best-understood is ser40, the phosphorylation of which is tightly regulated by stimulation in vivo [33], [34]. Ong and colleagues [54], [57] have shown that in rats, ser40 phosphorylation in the VTA and LoC increased in response to social but not non-social stressors. Riters et al [38] used an antibody against TH phosphorylated at ser40 to assess CA responses to conspecific male song in female European starlings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Effects of Hearing Song on Catecholaminergic Activity in the Songbird Auditory Pathway

Matragrano

Beaulieu

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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Catecholaminergic (CA) neurons innervate sensory areas and affect the processing of sensory signals. For example, in birds, CA fibers innervate the auditory pathway at each level, including the midbrain, thalamus, and forebrain. We have shown previously that in female European starlings, CA activity in the auditory forebrain can be enhanced by exposure to attractive male song for one week. It is not known, however, whether hearing song can initiate that activity more rapidly. Here, we exposed estrogen-primed, female white-throated sparrows to conspecific male song and looked for evidence of rapid synthesis of catecholamines in auditory areas. In one hemisphere of the brain, we used immunohistochemistry to detect the phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in the CA synthetic pathway. We found that immunoreactivity for TH phosphorylated at serine 40 increased dramatically in the auditory forebrain, but not the auditory thalamus and midbrain, after 15 min of song exposure. In the other hemisphere, we used high pressure liquid chromatography to measure catecholamines and their metabolites. We found that two dopamine metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, increased in the auditory forebrain but not the auditory midbrain after 30 min of exposure to conspecific song. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to a behaviorally relevant auditory stimulus rapidly induces CA activity, which may play a role in auditory responses.

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“…4). This result is consistent with other reports that the availability of TH protein is not affected rapidly by acute exposure to stimuli or pharmacological manipulation [36], [54], [57].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Effects of Hearing Song on Catecholaminergic Activity in the Songbird Auditory Pathway

Matragrano

Beaulieu

et al. 2012

PLoS ONE

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“…The ease with which Ser31 is activated in the brain does not appear to depend upon the stimulus used, the brain site activated [12], [15], [41] or the catecholamine produced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Catecholaminergic Brain Regions: A Marker of Activation following Acute Hypotension and Glucoprivation

et al. 2012

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The expression of c-Fos defines brain regions activated by the stressors hypotension and glucoprivation however, whether this identifies all brain sites involved is unknown. Furthermore, the neurochemicals that delineate these regions, or are utilized in them when responding to these stressors remain undefined. Conscious rats were subjected to hypotension, glucoprivation or vehicle for 30, 60 or 120 min and changes in the phosphorylation of serine residues 19, 31 and 40 in the biosynthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the activity of TH and/or, the expression of c-Fos were determined, in up to ten brain regions simultaneously that contain catecholaminergic cell bodies and/or terminals: A1, A2, caudal C1, rostral C1, A6, A8/9, A10, nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Glucoprivation evoked phosphorylation changes in A1, caudal C1, rostral C1 and nucleus accumbens whereas hypotension evoked changes A1, caudal C1, rostral C1, A6, A8/9, A10 and medial prefrontal cortex 30 min post stimulus whereas few changes were evident at 60 min. Although increases in pSer19, indicative of depolarization, were seen in sites where c-Fos was evoked, phosphorylation changes were a sensitive measure of activation in A8/9 and A10 regions that did not express c-Fos and in the prefrontal cortex that contains only catecholaminergic terminals. Specific patterns of serine residue phosphorylation were detected, dependent upon the stimulus and brain region, suggesting activation of distinct signaling cascades. Hypotension evoked a reduction in phosphorylation in A1 suggestive of reduced kinase activity. TH activity was increased, indicating synthesis of TH, in regions where pSer31 alone was increased (prefrontal cortex) or in conjunction with pSer40 (caudal C1). Thus, changes in phosphorylation of serine residues in TH provide a highly sensitive measure of activity, cellular signaling and catecholamine utilization in catecholaminergic brain regions, in the short term, in response to hypotension and glucoprivation.

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“…In short-term in vivo stress models (less than 1 hour) there were increases in Ser31 and Ser40 phosphorylation in response to social defeat and footshock2329 and increases in Ser31 phosphorylation alone in response to restraint, hypotension and glucoprivation2230. In contrast to short-term stressor results, the effect of the neonatal LPS challenge on the LC produced much more robust responses in relation to Ser40 phosphorylation and produced a dramatic change in Ser19 phosphorylation that was not seen in the other models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Early life peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge reprograms catecholaminergic neurons

Ong

Fuller

Sominsky

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Neonatal immune challenge with the bacterial mimetic lipopolysaccharide has the capacity to generate long-term changes in the brain. Neonatal rats were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (0.05 mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 3 and again on PND 5. The activation state of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was measured in the locus coeruleus, ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra on PND 85. In the locus coeruleus there was an approximately four-fold increase in TH activity. This was accompanied by a significant increase in TH protein together with increased phosphorylation of all three serine residues in the N-terminal region of TH. In the ventral tegmental area, a significant increase in TH activity and increased phosphorylation of the serine 40 residue was seen. Neonatal lipopolysaccharide had no effect on TH activation in the substantia nigra. These results indicate the capacity of a neonatal immune challenge to generate long-term changes in the activation state of TH, in particular in the locus coeruleus. Overall, the current results demonstrate the enduring outcomes of a neonatal immune challenge on specific brain catecholaminergic regions associated with catecholamine synthesis. This highlights a novel mechanism for long-term physiological and behavioural alterations induced by this model.

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The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Rapid Effects of Hearing Song on Catecholaminergic Activity in the Songbird Auditory Pathway

Rapid Effects of Hearing Song on Catecholaminergic Activity in the Songbird Auditory Pathway

Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Catecholaminergic Brain Regions: A Marker of Activation following Acute Hypotension and Glucoprivation

Early life peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge reprograms catecholaminergic neurons

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