The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Cellulose Yield

Sayakulu, N F; Soloi, S

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2314/1/012017

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the hydroxyl group (-OH) stretching of the cellulose resonated at around 3334 cm -1 becoming sharp and intense after the treatment. This proves that that the alkaline treatment using NaOH followed by bleaching with H2O2 had successfully broken the lignin bonds in the cogon grass (Sayakulu and Soloi, 2022). Meanwhile, for the synthesis of CA, the degree of acetylation was found to be 2.76 which indicates that cellulose triacetate was formed in this study (Daud and Djuned, 2015).…”

Section: Cellulose Extraction and Acetylationsupporting

confidence: 59%

Biobased plastic films from cogon grass cellulose

Soloi,

Teng,

Sarjadi

et al. 2023

SEHS

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The study of using natural resources such as cellulose as an alternative to synthetic polymers for manufacturing biobased plastic packaging is currently on going amongst numerous researchers to achieve sustainable goals as well as the need to replace petroleum feedstock that are getting depleted by years. Cogon grass is one of the most problematic grasses globally, and it has been observed that cogon grass grows abundantly along the roadside and open areas in Malaysia. Since the said grass is high in cellulose content (64%) it is a suitable candidate for raw material in manufacturing biobased plastics. Hence, the objective of this study was to produce a thin biobased film from cogon grass cellulose. In this study, cogon grass cellulose was extracted using sodium hydroxide before being acetylated to yield cellulose acetate (CA). Solvent casting with dichloromethane (DCM) was performed on the synthesized CA to produce a biobased thin film with different CA concentrations (1%–5%) to study the properties of the thin films. The film with 5% CA had the highest tensile strength (10 MPa). The surface morphology of the thin film was smooth, even and homogenous indicating that the acetylation process during cellulose acetate formation successfully occurred and that the DCM used can penetrate the cellulosic fibre very well.

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Section: Cellulose Extraction and Acetylationsupporting

confidence: 59%

Biobased plastic films from cogon grass cellulose

Soloi,

Teng,

Sarjadi

et al. 2023

SEHS

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“…Similar outcomes were obtained from dried Mimosa pigra peel in which the percentage yield of cellulose increased as NaOH concentration (2.5-7.5 M) increased at 100 °C for 3 hr, whereas it slightly decreased after increasing the concentration of NaOH above 7.5 M [29]. In another study, it was found that 4% NaOH gives the highest yield of cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and the yield decreased as the concentration of NaOH increased to 13% [37]. In extraction of cellulose from corncob, the maximum cellulose yield was obtained in an NaOH dosage of 50% (by dry corncob meter).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It can be also explained that the cellulose and hemicelluloses are partly degraded and dissolved in an alkaline solution, which lead to decrease of yield and molecular weight of cellulose and hemicelluloses [36]. High NaOH concentration will also interrupt some of the crystalline region in cellulose and make cellulose easily dissolve in the solution treatment thus reduce yield of the cellulose fibre [37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the 2.5 M of NaOH extraction condition, cellulose yield declined when the heating time was increased from 3 hr to 5 hr. With the appropriate rise in alkali concentration and reaction duration, the chemical reaction will be fostered, and the delignification impact will be improved, which indicates higher yield of cellulose [37,39]. Nevertheless, an excessive high concentration of NaOH or prolonged heating time will catalyze cellulose degradation, further resulting in a lower yield [37,39].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Broccoli Stems as a New Biopolymer Source for Producing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films

Sayanjali,

Lu,

Howell

2024

International Journal of Food Science

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The use of food and agricultural waste-derived carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has become of interest due to their biodegradability and cost-effectiveness. In the current research, cellulose was extracted from broccoli stems to produce carboxymethyl cellulose using a carboxymethylation reaction via chloroacetic acid (CAA) and sodium hydroxide (5-10 M). The effects of different synthesis conditions on the degree of substitution (DS) and viscosity of the synthesized CMC powder were investigated. The mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and colour of CMC films were also evaluated. The results showed that CMC with the highest DS value (0.60) and the highest viscosity of 0.5 Pa·s could be synthesized from broccoli stems at a concentration of 7.5 M NaOH and a cellulose-to-chloroacetic acid ratio of 1 : 1.2. At CMC concentration of 4 g/100 mL with 0.8 g/100 mL of glycerol, the films had the highest tensile strength (31.91 MPa), whereas with 1.2 g/100 mL glycerol, more flexible films with elongation at break of 27.56% were produced. CMC films with the highest WVP (7.87×103 gm2·mmHg-1/day) were made with 6 g/100 mL of CMC and 1.8 g/100 mL of glycerol. This research proposes a new source of cellulose to produce biodegradable packaging materials to initiate a practical basis for food waste reuse.

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“…The absence of a peak at 1590 cm -1 , which corresponds to the C=C stretching of aromatic rings in lignin, after the treatments indicate that the removal of hemicellulose and lignin has taken place (Sayakulu et al, 2022). Additionally, a consistent peak at 1010 cm -1 is observed in all spectra, which can be attributed to the skeletal vibration of the C-O-C pyranose ring (Oladipo et al, 2023).…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

Synthesis of cellulose nano fiber from palmyrah fruit fiber and its applicability as a reinforcement agent on starch based biodegradable film

Akshana,

Sobini,

Kirushanthi

et al. 2024

Ceylon J. Sci.

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The global trend in packaging is shifting towards environmentally friendly, natural materials that decompose easily. Among the bio-based packaging materials, starch is a renewable, biodegradable, bio-compatible, and easily accessible source. However, starch-based biodegradable films depict weak mechanical properties compared with synthetic polymers. This problem can be solved by incorporating reinforcement fillers into the starch matrix. Palmyrah fruit (Borassus flabellifer L.) waste can be a good source to obtain fillers due to its high cellulose content. The aim of the study was to investigate the reinforcement of starch-based biodegradable films with the incorporation of pure cellulose nanofiber (CNF) obtained from palmyrah fruit fiber (PFF). Chemical treatments such as alkaline treatment (4% NaOH), bleaching [1% Ca(OCl)2], and acid hydrolysis (10 moldm-3 H2SO4) were done successively to obtain pure CNF from PFF. CNF was characterized using FTIR and particle size distribution (PSD) was analyzed by granulometry. The yield of CNF from PFF was 37.890±0.008 %. The results of FTIR depicted CNF was synthesized successfully. Five different biodegradable films were prepared by varying the amount of palmyrah tuber starch (4.5-2.5 w/w %) and CNF (0.0-2.0 w/w %) while the amount of glycerin (1.5 w/w %) and gelatin (1 w/w %) were kept constant. PSD results revealed that nano-sized CNF (10-100 nm) was synthesized successfully. The optimized film was selected based on the tensile strength and low water vapor transmission rate. Optimized film formulation, with palmyra tuber starch (3 w/w %) and CNF (1.5 w/w %) showed desirable physical, mechanical and optical properties, including the thickness, moisture content, water vapor transmission rate, water uptake, transparency at 600 nm, water activity, water solubility and tensile strength of 0.192±0.004 mm, 11.07±0.04 %, 3.870±0.005 g/m2.day, 22.34±0.05 %, 3.97±0.01 %, 0.440±0.001, 51.68±0.140 % and 9.55 MPa respectively. All films showed excellent soil biodegradability within two weeks. In conclusion, palmyra fruit CNF can be effectively used to reinforce starch-based biodegradable packaging films.

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The Effect of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Concentration on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) Cellulose Yield

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Biobased plastic films from cogon grass cellulose

Biobased plastic films from cogon grass cellulose

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Broccoli Stems as a New Biopolymer Source for Producing Carboxymethyl Cellulose Films

Synthesis of cellulose nano fiber from palmyrah fruit fiber and its applicability as a reinforcement agent on starch based biodegradable film

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