The effect of sowing period on yield of yield and quality of winter wheat
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Evaluation of yield and stability of bread winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) depending on predecessors and sowing dates
Âèÿâèòè åôåêòèâí³ñòü âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîíòðàñòíèõ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â äëÿ îö³íþâàííÿ ãåíîòèï³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ çà âðîaeàéí³ñòþ òà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòþ. Ìåòîäè. Ïîëüîâ³, ëàáîðàòîðí³, ñòàòèñòè÷í³. Ðåçóëüòàòè. Óñòàíîâëåíî ð³çíèé, àëå äîñòîâ³ðíèé ð³âåíü âïëèâó íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ãåíîòèï³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ òàêèõ ÷èííèê³â, ÿê óìîâè ðîêó âèðîùóâàííÿ (66,2%), ïîïåðåäíèêè (12,5%), ñòðîêè ñ³âáè (6,1%) òà ãåíîòèï (1,7%). ³äçíà÷åíî äîñòîâ³ðí³ â³äì³òíîñò³ â ðåàêö³¿ äîñë³äaeåíèõ ãåíîòèï³â íà ñòðîêè ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â. Âèÿâëåíî â³äíîñíî ìåíøèé âïëèâ ïîïåðåäíèê³â íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ñîðò³â 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà' òà 'Âåaeà ìèðîí³âñüêà', á³ëüøèé-'Ì²Ï Äàðóíîê', 'Ì²Ï Êíÿaeíà' òà 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà'. Ñòðîêè ñ³âáè ìåíøå âïëèâàëè íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ñîðò³â 'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà', 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà' òà 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', çíà÷íî-ñîðòó 'Ì²Ï Äàðóíîê'. Óñòàíîâëåíî çàãàëüíó òåíäåíö³þ çìåíøåííÿ ñåðåäíüî¿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ â äîñë³ä³ ç³ çì³ùåííÿì ñòðîêó ñ³âáè â³ä 26 âåðåñíÿ äî 16 aeîâòíÿ. Îäíàê, äëÿ íèçêè ãåíîòèï³â ï³ñëÿ ïåâíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â îïòèìàëüíèì áóâ ñòðîê ñ³âáè 5 aeîâòíÿ: ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèêà ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð-äëÿ ñîðò³â 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Àññîëü' òà 'Ì²Ï Äí³ïðÿíêà', ï³ñëÿ ã³ð÷èö³-'Âåaeà ìèðîí³âñüêà', ï³ñëÿ ñîíÿøíèêó-'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà', ï³ñëÿ êóêóðóäçè-'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà' òà 'Ïîäîëÿíêà'. Ó ðîçð³ç³ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè âñòàíîâëåíî íàéìåíøå âàð³þâàííÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèê³â ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð, ã³ð÷èöÿ òà êóêóðóäçà ñîðò³â 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà', 'Áàëàäà ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Êíÿaeíà', 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà'. Ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì GGE biplot âèÿâëåíî, ùî íàáëèaeåíèì äî «³äåàëüíîãî ñåðåäîâèùà» äëÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ð³âíÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ á³ëüøîñò³ ãåíîòèï³â áóâ äðóãèé ñòðîê ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèêà ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð. Çà ð³çíèìè ñòðîêàìè ñ³âáè é ïîïåðåäíèêàìè â ñåðåäíüîìó çà òðè ðîêè íàéîïòèìàëüí³øå ïîºäíàííÿ ð³âíÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ ³ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â³äçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñîðò³â 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Â³äçíàêà', 'Ì²Ï Àññîëü', 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Âàëåíñ³ÿ'. Âèñíîâêè. Âèêîðèñòàííÿ ð³çíèõ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â º åôåêòèâíèì ï³äõîäîì îðãàí³çàö³¿ ãåíîòèï-ñåðåäîâèùíèõ âèïðîáóâàíü. ³í äຠçìîãó ³äåíòèô³êóâàòè ÿê ñïåöèô³÷íî àäàïòîâàí³ äî ïåâíèõ óìîâ (ïîïåðåäíèê³â òà ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè) ãåíîòèïè, òàê ³ ãåíîòèïè ç â³äíîñíî âèùèì ð³âíåì ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ çà ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â òà â ð³çí³ ñòðîêè. Òàêèé ï³äõ³ä ìîaeå áóòè âèêîðèñòàíèé ÿê íà çàâåðøàëüíîìó åòàï³ ñåëåêö³¿ äëÿ äèôåðåíö³þâàííÿ ñåëåêö³éíèõ ë³í³é çà âðîaeàéí³ñòþ òà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòþ, òàê ³ ï³ä ÷àñ ðîçðîáëåííÿ áàçîâèõ åëåìåíò³â òåõíîëî㳿 âèðîùóâàííÿ íîâîñòâîðåíèõ ñîðò³â. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïøåíèöÿ ì'ÿêà îçèìà; âðîaeàéí³ñòü; ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü; ð³ê âèðîùóâàííÿ; ñòðîê ñ³âáè; ïîïåðåäíèê; êîåô³ö³ºíò âàð³àö³¿; ANOVA; GGE biplot.
Evaluation of yield and stability of bread winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) depending on predecessors and sowing dates
Âèÿâèòè åôåêòèâí³ñòü âèêîðèñòàííÿ êîíòðàñòíèõ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â äëÿ îö³íþâàííÿ ãåíîòèï³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ çà âðîaeàéí³ñòþ òà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòþ. Ìåòîäè. Ïîëüîâ³, ëàáîðàòîðí³, ñòàòèñòè÷í³. Ðåçóëüòàòè. Óñòàíîâëåíî ð³çíèé, àëå äîñòîâ³ðíèé ð³âåíü âïëèâó íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ãåíîòèï³â ïøåíèö³ ì'ÿêî¿ îçèìî¿ òàêèõ ÷èííèê³â, ÿê óìîâè ðîêó âèðîùóâàííÿ (66,2%), ïîïåðåäíèêè (12,5%), ñòðîêè ñ³âáè (6,1%) òà ãåíîòèï (1,7%). ³äçíà÷åíî äîñòîâ³ðí³ â³äì³òíîñò³ â ðåàêö³¿ äîñë³äaeåíèõ ãåíîòèï³â íà ñòðîêè ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â. Âèÿâëåíî â³äíîñíî ìåíøèé âïëèâ ïîïåðåäíèê³â íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ñîðò³â 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà' òà 'Âåaeà ìèðîí³âñüêà', á³ëüøèé-'Ì²Ï Äàðóíîê', 'Ì²Ï Êíÿaeíà' òà 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà'. Ñòðîêè ñ³âáè ìåíøå âïëèâàëè íà âðîaeàéí³ñòü ñîðò³â 'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà', 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà' òà 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', çíà÷íî-ñîðòó 'Ì²Ï Äàðóíîê'. Óñòàíîâëåíî çàãàëüíó òåíäåíö³þ çìåíøåííÿ ñåðåäíüî¿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ â äîñë³ä³ ç³ çì³ùåííÿì ñòðîêó ñ³âáè â³ä 26 âåðåñíÿ äî 16 aeîâòíÿ. Îäíàê, äëÿ íèçêè ãåíîòèï³â ï³ñëÿ ïåâíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â îïòèìàëüíèì áóâ ñòðîê ñ³âáè 5 aeîâòíÿ: ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèêà ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð-äëÿ ñîðò³â 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Àññîëü' òà 'Ì²Ï Äí³ïðÿíêà', ï³ñëÿ ã³ð÷èö³-'Âåaeà ìèðîí³âñüêà', ï³ñëÿ ñîíÿøíèêó-'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà', ï³ñëÿ êóêóðóäçè-'Ì²Ï Ôîðòóíà' òà 'Ïîäîëÿíêà'. Ó ðîçð³ç³ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè âñòàíîâëåíî íàéìåíøå âàð³þâàííÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèê³â ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð, ã³ð÷èöÿ òà êóêóðóäçà ñîðò³â 'Ì²Ï Âèøèâàíêà', 'Áàëàäà ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Êíÿaeíà', 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà'. Ç âèêîðèñòàííÿì GGE biplot âèÿâëåíî, ùî íàáëèaeåíèì äî «³äåàëüíîãî ñåðåäîâèùà» äëÿ ðåàë³çàö³¿ ð³âíÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ á³ëüøîñò³ ãåíîòèï³â áóâ äðóãèé ñòðîê ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ïîïåðåäíèêà ñèäåðàëüíèé ïàð. Çà ð³çíèìè ñòðîêàìè ñ³âáè é ïîïåðåäíèêàìè â ñåðåäíüîìó çà òðè ðîêè íàéîïòèìàëüí³øå ïîºäíàííÿ ð³âíÿ âðîaeàéíîñò³ ³ ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ â³äçíà÷åíî äëÿ ñîðò³â 'Òðóä³âíèöÿ ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Â³äçíàêà', 'Ì²Ï Àññîëü', 'Åñòàôåòà ìèðîí³âñüêà', 'Ì²Ï Âàëåíñ³ÿ'. Âèñíîâêè. Âèêîðèñòàííÿ ð³çíèõ ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â º åôåêòèâíèì ï³äõîäîì îðãàí³çàö³¿ ãåíîòèï-ñåðåäîâèùíèõ âèïðîáóâàíü. ³í äຠçìîãó ³äåíòèô³êóâàòè ÿê ñïåöèô³÷íî àäàïòîâàí³ äî ïåâíèõ óìîâ (ïîïåðåäíèê³â òà ñòðîê³â ñ³âáè) ãåíîòèïè, òàê ³ ãåíîòèïè ç â³äíîñíî âèùèì ð³âíåì ñòàá³ëüíîñò³ çà ñ³âáè ï³ñëÿ ð³çíèõ ïîïåðåäíèê³â òà â ð³çí³ ñòðîêè. Òàêèé ï³äõ³ä ìîaeå áóòè âèêîðèñòàíèé ÿê íà çàâåðøàëüíîìó åòàï³ ñåëåêö³¿ äëÿ äèôåðåíö³þâàííÿ ñåëåêö³éíèõ ë³í³é çà âðîaeàéí³ñòþ òà ñòàá³ëüí³ñòþ, òàê ³ ï³ä ÷àñ ðîçðîáëåííÿ áàçîâèõ åëåìåíò³â òåõíîëî㳿 âèðîùóâàííÿ íîâîñòâîðåíèõ ñîðò³â. Êëþ÷îâ³ ñëîâà: ïøåíèöÿ ì'ÿêà îçèìà; âðîaeàéí³ñòü; ñòàá³ëüí³ñòü; ð³ê âèðîùóâàííÿ; ñòðîê ñ³âáè; ïîïåðåäíèê; êîåô³ö³ºíò âàð³àö³¿; ANOVA; GGE biplot.
Influence of Weather Conditions on Field Germination of Winter Wheat Seeds
Winter wheat is the main grain crop in Ukraine, but in recent years its yields have been declining and grain quality has been deteriorating. A significant amount of winter wheat grain does not meet the requirements for food grain, which in turn affects the quality of flour and bread. The main factor for obtaining highly productive winter wheat crops is to improve their structure, which depends on the sowing time, seeding rate, field germination of seeds, plant survival in winter, etc. The yield and quality of winter wheat seeds are formed during the period of their cultivation, where both the genetic potential of the variety and soil, climatic and agronomic conditions play an important role [4]. Therefore, creating favourable conditions for high field germination of seeds is one of the priority tasks in growing grain crops. The aim of the study is to determine the influence of weather factors on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. The research programme envisages determining the impact of weather conditions - average daily temperatures, the sum of active temperatures, precipitation during sowing and germination, and productive soil moisture reserves at a depth of 0-10 cm - on the field germination of winter wheat seeds. Laboratory and field studies were conducted at the experimental farm of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics during 2016-2020. Varieties of different maturity groups - medium early and medium early - were used for the study. Field germination was calculated as the ratio of the number of seedlings to the total number of sown germinating seeds. Studies of the influence of weather conditions on the field germination of winter wheat seeds have shown that in 2016 the temperature regime of this period was lower, the sum of active temperatures was 117,5 ºC, the average daily temperature was 11,8 ºC, and the amount of precipitation for three decades was only 5,4 mm, with a moisture deficit of 88,0%. Such conditions did not contribute to the accumulation of productive soil moisture and its preservation, which led to a decrease in the percentage of field germination of seeds to 76%. With a high sum of active temperatures during the third decade of September 2017 of 141,1 oC and 2,2 mm less precipitation in September, the productive moisture content of the sowing soil layer (0-10 cm) was 23 mm, which is below the optimal level (30 mm), and the average field germination rate of the varieties' seeds was 77%. The period of sowing and germination in 2018 was characterised by sufficient moisture supply, with precipitation at the level of the long-term average of 57,7 mm (36,5 mm in the first decade and 21,2 mm in September), which was 28,2% higher than the long-term average, and productive soil moisture of 34 mm, which ensured field germination at 82%. The periods of sowing and germination in 2019 and 2020 were also favourable for seed germination. The average daily air temperature, which was at the level of the long-term average in 2019 and 2,8 °C higher than the long-term average in 2020, and sufficient precipitation, which contributed to the accumulation of productive moisture in the soil (37 mm in 2019 and 35 mm in 2020, which is 7-5 mm more than optimal), ensured field germination of seeds at the level of 86% and 83%, respectively. The study of the influence of varietal characteristics on the field germination of seeds revealed that with almost the same laboratory germination of sown seeds, there was no significant difference between varieties in field germination of both medium early and medium early varieties. On average, for medium-early ripening varieties, the field germination of seeds over five years was 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 82%, and for medium-ripening varieties also 81% with variation by variety from 80 to 83%. Over the years of research, there was also no significant difference in field germination of seeds depending on varietal characteristics, it changed only depending on weather conditions during sowing and germination.
Overwintering is of paramount importance among the various factors responsible for the creation of winter wheat, which largely depends on the potential of the genotype, sowing time and weather conditions. Sowing time is one of the vital agrotechnical factors in the technology of winter wheat cultivation. The research aims to study the influence of sowing time on the formation of the yield of local varieties of soft winter wheat in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The studies were carried out in 2018–2022 on the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding - a branch of ICG SB RAS. Five varieties of soft winter wheat were used as an object of study. Sowing was carried out in three terms (the first - on August 20, the second - on September 01, and the third - on September 10). The maximum yield over the years of research was observed when sowing in the second term. On average, over three years, the increase was 0.53 and 0.66 t/ha compared to the first and third sowing periods, respectively. The highest yield was noted in the Krasnoobskaya winter variety during the second sowing period - 5.76 t/ha in 2022 and 5.16 t/ha on average over three years. The analysis of variance showed that the influence of all the studied factors on the change in yield is reliable. The maximum force was exerted by the interaction of the factors “year” and “variety” and amounted to 22.7%. The remaining elements were distributed as follows: sowing time -14.5, year conditions - 12, genotype - 12.7, the interaction of year conditions and sowing date - 7.9, the interaction between sowing time and genotype is 2.1%, the totality of all factors is 6.7%. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the yield in the years of research was in a significant relationship with overwintering (R = 0.52) and with the number of productive shoots (R = 0.53). In turn, the indicators of overwintering and the number of influential nodes correlate with the coefficient R = 0.36, which is also reliable. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the optimal sowing time for the growth and development of soft winter wheat is the second sowing time with a shift of 1–3 days in both directions.
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