The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

Anderson, Andrew J.; Carpenter, R. H. S.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1394

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Studies investigating attention to SF have found earlier ERP latencies for LSFs than HSFs in both the P1 component and in the later occipital “selection negativity” (~150–250 ms) elicited in ventral extrastriate visual cortex by attended relative to unattended SFs (e.g., Skrandies, 1984; Baas et al, 2002). The fact that these extrastriate ERP components elicited by LSFs onset earlier than those elicited by HSFs is consistent with the well-known differences in integration time and response speed between LSF and HSF channels (e.g., Breitmeyer, 1975; Breitmeyer and Ganz, 1977; Schiller et al, 1979; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tobimatsu and Celesia, 2006). Specifically, LSFs are processed by the faster magnocellular visual pathway, whereas HSFs are processed by the slower parvocellular visual pathway.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…For example, although LSFs are known to be processed more quickly than HSFs (e.g., Breitmeyer, 1975; Breitmeyer and Ganz, 1977; Schiller et al, 1979; Livingstone and Hubel, 1988; Tobimatsu and Celesia, 2006), evidence suggests that HSFs can be accessed earlier if they are more informative for the task (Oliva and Schyns, 1997; Schyns and Oliva, 1999). The present results support the notion that task demands flexibly modulate SF processing in the visual system because perceptual processing of SF differed as a function of task (global/local).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Attending to global versus local stimulus features modulates neural processing of low versus high spatial frequencies: an analysis with event-related brain potentials

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Spatial frequency (SF) selection has long been recognized to play a role in global and local processing, though the nature of the relationship between SF processing and global/local perception is debated. Previous studies have shown that attention to relatively lower SFs facilitates global perception, and that attention to relatively higher SFs facilitates local perception. Here we recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to investigate whether processing of low versus high SFs is modulated automatically during global and local perception, and to examine the time course of any such effects. Participants compared bilaterally presented hierarchical letter stimuli and attended to either the global or local levels. Irrelevant SF grating probes flashed at the center of the display 200 ms after the onset of the hierarchical letter stimuli could either be low or high in SF. It was found that ERPs elicited by the SF grating probes differed as a function of attended level (global versus local). ERPs elicited by low SF grating probes were more positive in the interval 196–236 ms during global than local attention, and this difference was greater over the right occipital scalp. In contrast, ERPs elicited by the high SF gratings were more positive in the interval 250–290 ms during local than global attention, and this difference was bilaterally distributed over the occipital scalp. These results indicate that directing attention to global versus local levels of a hierarchical display facilitates automatic perceptual processing of low versus high SFs, respectively, and this facilitation is not limited to the locations occupied by the hierarchical display. The relatively long latency of these attention-related ERP modulations suggests that initial (early) SF processing is not affected by attention to hierarchical level, lending support to theories positing a higher level mechanism to underlie the relationship between SF processing and global versus local perception.

show abstract

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attending to global versus local stimulus features modulates neural processing of low versus high spatial frequencies: an analysis with event-related brain potentials

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Correspondingly, express saccade RTs to the luminance target were between RTs to the S-cone targets. It has been suggested that express saccades to S-cone targets are guesses or anticipations in human subjects (22). The fact that RT changed with S-cone contrast in the present experiments rules out this possibility.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…The scope of these investigations has ranged from mechanisms of blindsight (14)(15)(16), interhemispheric transfer in patients without a corpus callosum (17), face processing (18), and visual development (19) to inhibition of return (20), nasotemporal asymmetry (21), and the gap effect (22). The rationale for these experiments comes from an influential study by Sumner et al (23), who noted that previous physiological and anatomical experiments had failed to find S-cone input to the SC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Express saccades and superior colliculus responses are sensitive to short-wavelength cone contrast

Hall

Colby

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A key structure for directing saccadic eye movements is the superior colliculus (SC). The visual pathways that project to the SC have been reported to carry only luminance information and not color information. Short-wavelength-sensitive cones (S-cones) in the retina make little or no contribution to luminance signals, leading to the conclusion that S-cone stimuli should be invisible to SC neurons. The premise that S-cone stimuli are invisible to the SC has been used in numerous clinical and human psychophysical studies. The assumption that the SC cannot use S-cone stimuli to guide behavior has never been tested. We show here that express saccades, which depend on the SC, can be driven by S-cone input. Further, express saccade reaction times and changes in SC activity depend on the amount of S-cone contrast. These results demonstrate that the SC can use S-cone stimuli to guide behavior. We conclude that the use of S-cone stimuli is insufficient to isolate SC function in psychophysical and clinical studies of human subjects.S-cone | SC | macaque D ecades of oculomotor research have led to an incongruous conclusion: The oculomotor system does not use color information to guide the eyes (1, 2). However, it is natural to direct one's gaze to objects defined by color. Color vision in primates evolved because of the tremendous benefit of being able to discriminate colors and direct our actions accordingly (3, 4). The superior colliculus (SC) is a brainstem structure with a central role in the transformation of visual sensory signals into saccadic eye movements (2). Visual projections to the SC lack color opponent responses and appear to be dominated by luminance information (5-9). Luminance signals arise almost exclusively from long-and medium-wavelength-sensitive cones (L-and M-cones) in the retina, but not short-wavelength-sensitive cones (S-cones) (10). Instead, S-cones evolved to contribute to color vision (11). The takeaway is that the SC does not use color or S-cone input to guide saccades. This conclusion is surprising because both the SC and S-cones are evolutionarily ancient, and the SC has a central role in visually guided orienting behavior (2, 11).The proposition that the SC cannot detect S-cone stimuli has been leveraged to test SC function in diverse clinical and human psychophysical studies (12, 13). The scope of these investigations has ranged from mechanisms of blindsight (14-16), interhemispheric transfer in patients without a corpus callosum (17), face processing (18), and visual development (19) to inhibition of return (20), nasotemporal asymmetry (21), and the gap effect (22). The rationale for these experiments comes from an influential study by Sumner et al. (23), who noted that previous physiological and anatomical experiments had failed to find S-cone input to the SC. The idea is to present subjects with either a luminance or S-cone stimulus on separate trials of a visual or oculomotor task. If behavior [usually saccadic reaction time (RT)] is different in response to the S-cone stimulus, the ...

show abstract

“…Express saccades are often tricky to observe at all and to distinguish from the main mode. In some studies, early saccades can be accounted for simply by anticipation (Anderson and Carpenter, 2008), although in more favorable conditions, there seems little doubt that a distinct mode exists beyond noise or anticipation (which would be equally distributed between correct and incorrect responses). In the model, the separation between the two modes will be a function of the difference between the exogenous and endogenous delays (which can be adjusted to match any individual's data), whereas the size of the express mode depends on the strength of the exogenous signals and the initiation threshold.…”

Section: Dips Express Saccades and Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saccadic Inhibition Reveals the Timing of Automatic and Voluntary Signals in the Human Brain

Bompas¹,

Sumner²

2011

J. Neurosci.

189

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neurophysiological and phenomenological data on sensorimotor decision making are growing so rapidly that it is now necessary and achievable to capture it in biologically inspired models, for advancing our understanding in both research and clinical settings. However, the main impediment in moving from elegant models with few free parameters to more complex biological models in humans lies in constraining the more numerous parameters with behavioral data (without human single-cell recording). Here we show that a behavioral effect called "saccadic inhibition" (1) is predicted by existing complex (neuronal field) models, (2) constrains crucial temporal parameters of the model, precisely enough to address individual differences, and (3) is not accounted for by current simple decision models, even after significant additions. Visual onsets appearing while an observer plans a saccade knock out a subpopulation of saccadic latencies that would otherwise occur, producing a clear dip in the latency distribution. This overlooked phenomenon is remarkably well time locked across conditions and observers, revealing and characterizing a fast automatic component of visual input to oculomotor competition. The neural field model not only captures this but predicts additional features that are borne out: the dips show spatial specificity, are lawfully modulated in contrast, and occur with S-cone stimuli invisible to the retinotectal route. Overall, we provide a way forward for applying precise neurophysiological models of saccade planning in humans at the individual level.

show abstract

The effect of stimuli that isolate S-cones on early saccades and the gap effect

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

Attending to global versus local stimulus features modulates neural processing of low versus high spatial frequencies: an analysis with event-related brain potentials

Attending to global versus local stimulus features modulates neural processing of low versus high spatial frequencies: an analysis with event-related brain potentials

Express saccades and superior colliculus responses are sensitive to short-wavelength cone contrast

Saccadic Inhibition Reveals the Timing of Automatic and Voluntary Signals in the Human Brain

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About