The effect of stopping smoking on perceived stress levels

Hájek, Peter; Taylor, Tamara; McRobbie, Hayden

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02979.x

Cited by 86 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These findings support a hypothesis that smoking would not help relieve stress, as believed by some smokers, but could act as a stressor, for example, due to breaks between cigarettes (30) . Although the results are based on findings of validated questionnaires, they must be interpreted considering certain limitations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Consumo alimentar e estresse em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda

et al. 2015

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Objective: to assess whether dietary intake of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) meets national and international recommendations and whether there is a relationship with the levels of stress. Method: a cross-sectional study with 150 patients with ACS, who were interviewed with the Food Frequency Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress Scale-10. Results: daily intake above the recommendations: cholesterol (92%), fi ber (42.7%) and protein (68%); intake below the recommendations: potassium (88%) and carbohydrates (68.7%); intake according to the recommendations: sodium (53.3%) and lipids (53.3%). Most patients with inadequate dietary intake (54%) were stressed or highly stressed. There was a signifi cant association between a lower stress level and a higher fi ber intake. Conclusion: in patients with ACS, dietary intake did not meet the guideline recommendations, and a lower fi ber intake occurs concomitantly with higher stress levels. Educational efforts can support patients in dietary intake adequacy and stress control. Key words: Feeding; Stress, Psychological; Acute Coronary Syndrome. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o consumo alimentar de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) segue as recomendações nacionais e internacionais e se existe relação com níveis de estresse Método: Estudo transversal com 150 pacientes com SCA que foram entrevistados utilizando-se os Questionários de Frequência Alimentar e Escala de Estresse Percebido-10. Resultados: Consumo diário acima das recomendações: colesterol (92%), fi bras (42,7%) e proteínas (68%); consumo abaixo das recomendações: potássio (88%) e carboidratos (68,7%); consumo conforme recomendações: sódio (53,3%) e lípides (53,3%). A maioria (54%) com consumo alimentar inadequado era estressada ou altamente estressada. Houve associação estatisticamente signifi cante entre menor nível de estresse e maior consumo de fi bras. Conclusão: Em pacientes com SCA, o consumo alimentar esteve fora do recomendado pelas diretrizes e o menor consumo de fi bras ocorre concomitantemente com maior estresse. Esforços educativos podem instrumentalizar os pacientes na adequação do consumo alimentar e no controle do estresse. Descritores: Alimentação; Estresse Psicológico; Síndrome Coronariana Aguda. RESUMENObjetivo: evaluar si la ingesta de alimentos de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) sigue las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales y si hay relación con los niveles de estrés. Método: estudio transversal con 150 pacientes con SCA, que fueron entrevistados con los cuestionarios de Frecuencia Alimentar y Escala de Estrés Percibido-10. Resultados: consumo diario mayor que las recomendaciones: colesterol (92%), fi bra (42,7%) y proteínas (68%); consumo debajo de las recomendaciones: potasio (88%) y carbohidratos (68,7%); consumo recomendado: sodio (53,3%) y lípidos (53,3%). La mayoría (54%) con consumo alimentar inadecuado era estresada o muy estresada. Hubo asociación signifi cativa entre bajo nivel de estrés y mayor ingesta de fi bras. Conclusión: en p...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Consumo alimentar e estresse em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda

et al. 2015

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“…103 However, despite smokers stating that they smoke to cope with stress, higher levels of stress have been found among smokers, 104 which then declines with smoking cessation. 105 Thus, smoking tobacco (rather than stopping) appears to be associated with heightened feelings of stress. This is an important message for services to communicate to clients.…”

Section: Well-beingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study

Dobbie

Hiscock

Leonardi‐Bee

et al. 2015

Health Technol Assess

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BackgroundNHS Stop Smoking Services (SSSs) provide free at the point of use treatment for smokers who would like to stop. Since their inception in 1999 they have evolved to offer a variety of support options. Given the changes that have happened in the provision of services and the ongoing need for evidence on effectiveness, the Evaluating Long-term Outcomes for NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS) study was commissioned.ObjectivesThe main aim of the study was to explore the factors that determine longer-term abstinence from smoking following intervention by SSSs. There were also a number of additional objectives.DesignThe ELONS study was an observational study with two main stages: secondary analysis of routine data collected by SSSs and a prospective cohort study of service clients. The prospective study had additional elements on client satisfaction, well-being and longer-term nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use.SettingThe setting for the study was SSSs in England. For the secondary analysis, routine data from 49 services were obtained. For the prospective study and its added elements, nine services were involved. The target population was clients of these services.ParticipantsThere were 202,804 cases included in secondary analysis and 3075 in the prospective study.InterventionsA combination of behavioural support and stop smoking medication delivered by SSS practitioners.Main outcome measuresAbstinence from smoking at 4 and 52 weeks after setting a quit date, validated by a carbon monoxide (CO) breath test.ResultsJust over 4 in 10 smokers (41%) recruited to the prospective study were biochemically validated as abstinent from smoking at 4 weeks (which was broadly comparable with findings from the secondary analysis of routine service data, where self-reported 4-week quit rates were 48%, falling to 34% when biochemical validation had occurred). At the 1-year follow-up, 8% of prospective study clients were CO validated as abstinent from smoking. Clients who received specialist one-to-one behavioural support were twice as likely to have remained abstinent than those who were seen by a general practitioner (GP) practice and pharmacy providers [odds ratio (OR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 4.6]. Clients who received group behavioural support (either closed or rolling groups) were three times more likely to stop smoking than those who were seen by a GP practice or pharmacy providers (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.7 to 6.7). Satisfaction with services was high and well-being at baseline was found to be a predictor of abstinence from smoking at longer-term follow-up. Continued use of NRT at 1 year was rare, but no evidence of harm from longer-term use was identified from the data collected.ConclusionsStop Smoking Services in England are effective in helping smokers to move away from tobacco use. Using the 52-week CO-validated quit rate of 8% found in this study, we estimate that in the year 2012–13 the services supported 36,249 clients to become non-smokers for the remainder of their lives. This is a substantial figure and provides one indicator of the ongoing value of the treatment that the services provide. The study raises a number of issues for future research including (1) examining the role of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in smoking cessation for service clients [this study did not look at e-cigarette use (except briefly in the longer-term NRT study) but this is a priority for future studies]; (2) more detailed comparisons of rolling groups with other forms of behavioural support; (3) further exploration of the role of practitioner knowledge, skills and use of effective behaviour change techniques in supporting service clients to stop smoking; (4) surveillance of the impact of structural and funding changes on the future development and sustainability of SSSs; and (5) more detailed analysis of well-being over time between those who successfully stop smoking and those who relapse. Further research on longer-term use of non-combustible nicotine products that measures a wider array of biomarkers of smoking-related harm such as lung function tests or carcinogen metabolites.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme. The UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies provided funding for the longer-term NRT study.

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“…Perceived stress has been studied in a variety of contexts, such as smoking cessation (Cohen & Lichtenstein, 1990;Hajek, Taylor, & McRobbie, 2010;Naquin & Gilbert, 1996), caregiver burden (Bedini, Gladwell, & Dudley, 2011;Chwalisz, 1992;Chwalisz & Kisler, 1995), life events (Beatty, Lee, & Wade, 2009;Cohen et al, 1993;Otto et al, 1997), and leisure (Aldana, Sutton, Jacobson, & Quirk, 1996;Bedini et al, 2011;Kleiber et al, 2002;Lutz, Lochbaum, Lanning, Stinson, & Brewer, 2007). Perceived stress has also been found to relate to an assortment of psychosocial and physiological constructs, such as personality (Besser & Shackelford, 2007;Burgess, Irvine, & Wallymahmed, 2010;Candrian et al, 2008;Ebstrup, Eplov, Pisinger, & Jørgensen, 2011), affect (Besser & Shackelford, 2007;Cohen et al, 1993;Davidsdottir, 2007), self-efficacy (Ebstrup et al, 2011;Moeini et al, 2008;Trouillet, Gana, Lourel, & Fort, 2009), attachment (Cordon, Brown, & Gibson, 2009;Koopman et al, 2000;McCarthy, Moller, & Fouladi, 2001;Reiner, Anderson, Hall, & Hall, 2010), adjustment (Baker, 2004;Curtis, Groarke, Coughlan, & Gsel, 2004;Extremera, Durán, & Rey, 2007;Kulik & Heine-Cohen, 2011), depression (Candrian et al, 2008;Ghorbani, Krauss, Watson, & LeBreton, 2008;Holt-Lunstad, Birmingham, & Light, 2011), happiness …”

Section: Correlates Of Perceived Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Playful Advantage: How Playfulness Enhances Coping with Stress

2013

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This study investigated the interrelationship between playfulness in adults, perceived stress, and styles of coping. Research on playfulness has long centered on its connection to development in children, while the study of playfulness in adulthood has just recently commenced. Similarly, the psychology literature is rife with the study of stress and coping processes, whereas its study through the lens of playfulness is virtually nonexistent. This is unfortunate, as all three constructs are cognitive-emotional in nature, suggesting a natural relationship between them. This thesis study investigated whether playfulness serves an adaptive function in the experience of stress and corresponding coping strategies among college-aged students. Findings revealed that playful individuals reported lower levels of perceived stress than their less playful counterparts. Furthermore, playful individuals more frequently utilized adaptive, stressor-focused coping strategies and were less likely to employ negative, avoidant, and escape-oriented strategies. The findings suggested that as in childhood, playfulness serves a strong adaptive function in young adulthood, providing individuals with more cognitive resources from which they can manifest effective coping mechanisms in the face of stressful situations. Playfulness, then, should not remain on the peripheries of societal and academic thought, but rather should be developed, nurtured and subjected to further scientific inquiry.iii To the rose-smellers, the scenic-route-takers, the tree-climbers...may your courageous journey never end. To the rest, may you be inspired to reclaim your youthful spirit.iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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The effect of stopping smoking on perceived stress levels

Cited by 86 publications

References 32 publications

Consumo alimentar e estresse em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda

Consumo alimentar e estresse em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda

Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study

The Playful Advantage: How Playfulness Enhances Coping with Stress

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