The Effect of Subliminal Visual Stimulation on Images and Dreams: A Validation Study

Fisher, Charles K.; Paul, Iman

doi:10.1177/000306515900700102

Cited by 52 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…state in order to demonstrate "subliminal" perception, (e.g., Fisher & Paul, 1959;Fiss, Goldberg & Klein, 1963; see also Dixon, 1971). …”

Section: Nonintentional Conscious Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The consciousness continuum: from “qualia” to “free will”

Mandler

2005

Psychological Research

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The consciousness continuum is seen as extending from simple sensory experiences to complex subjective constructions resulting in the apparent exercise of conscious will. The phenomena between these two extremes include spontaneously occurring mental contents, unintended perceptual experiences, memory retrievals, and problem solving including feedback of conscious contents. Two factors describe this continuum: the presence or absence of intention (psychologically defined) and the complexity of the cognitive construction involved. Among other benefits such an analysis is intended to provide an alternative to metaphysical and vague concepts as qualia, free will, and intentionality.

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“…state in order to demonstrate "subliminal" perception, (e.g., Fisher & Paul, 1959;Fiss, Goldberg & Klein, 1963; see also Dixon, 1971). …”

Section: Nonintentional Conscious Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The consciousness continuum: from “qualia” to “free will”

Mandler

2005

Psychological Research

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“…To try to eliminate one of these "contaminants," we created a "Control Recovery score" by subtracting the number of items in our scoring key appearing in those images elicited after the blank card. [This same method has been used in other studies, including the ones by Fisher and Paul ( 1959; . ]…”

Section: Looking Time and The Con Ten^ Of Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye Fixation and the Contents of Recall and Images as a Function of Heart Rate

1964

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Our aim was to illustrate an eye-fixation photographic method of studying cognition both with and without awareness. W e focused upon ( a ) the rime of inspection of a part of the visual field in relation to ( b ) the recall of that part of the stimulus and (c) the relationships of ( a ) and ( b ) as a function of heart rate. Recall was defined in two ways: direct and unintentional, i.e., recovery in the content of waking images of picture content which had not appeared in direcr recall. Eighteen Ss were overloaded with information by a 6-sec. exposure of a card containing four complex pictures. Waking images were followed by recall. Recovery via images was significantly related to inspection time of the picture quadrant; direct recall was not. The more the person was accelerated in his response via heart rate or fixation rate, the greater his recovery in images.Suppose you were shown a card with four pictures, one in each quadrant, and allowed the relatively ample time of six whole seconds to inspect it. Where would you look and what would you remember? Would you remember best the one you looked at most, or would it have nothing to do with the amount of time you looked, but only your interest in the picture? After being shown the card and then being asked to close your eyes and report any images chat happened to come to mind, which images do you chink would come to mind? You were not asked to give images containing picture content, but would your image content mainly be made up of aspects of the picrue at which you looked, or aspects of the picture a t which you did not look, or be irrelevant to the picture 'This paper was presented at a symposium on "Cognition Without Awareness, Current

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“…Fantasy productions. Fantasy productions are of vanous kmds, such as stones to TAT cards (Pme, 1960), or drawmgs of pnmed or unpnmed images Pruned images are those that are suggested when the subject has done somethmg else, such as respondmg m a word-association test, or been given some kmd of kmt, perhaps through a word list, unpnmed unages result when he IS free to fantasy anythmg and to try to draw what appears The drawmgs of fantasied pictures under these two circumstances have been widely used to detect activation by unnoticed features of a stimulus, eg, Allers and Teler (1924), Fisher (1956), Hilgard (1958, Paul (1959), andPaul andFisher (1959) Most mvestigators report positive results, but the results have to be mterpreted with some caution A useful review, sensitive to the issues mvolved, is that of Fisher (1960b) 4 Dreams Dreams are special kmds of fantasy productions The early expenments of Poetzl (1917) showed recovery of unnoticed features of visually presented stimuh in dreams, and his lead has been followed by others, notably Malamud and Lmder (1931), Fisher (1954, 1956, 1960a, and Shevnn and Luborsky (1958) The results are, in general, similar to those found in waking fantasy. Careful exammation by Johnson & Enksen (1961) of the results of Shevnn and Luborsky casts some doubt upon the statistical significance of their findmgs, because theirs IS the only senes m repetition of Poetzl that has thus far attempted statistical control, it leaves the whole matter a httle uncertam from a quantitative scientific standpomt.…”

Section: How Activation From Unidentified Stimulus Pattems May Be Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

What becomes of the input from the stimulus?1

Hilgard

1962

J Personality

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Early behavionsts, troubled about introspection as an appropnate method for psychology, tried to get around the problem of awareness by dealmg only with discnmmation. Thus the "scientific" problem of perception rested for them upon the correlation between stimulus and response mdicated m the act of discnmmatmg, 1 e, respondmg differently to the presence or absence of stimulation or m the presence of two unlike stimuh Awareness, -hewever, has another facet the subject's awareness that he is discnmmatmg This is a puzzhng problem m any case, no matter what one's relation to behaviorism A sophisticated objectivism, m the form of operatiomsm, is free to deal with this problem through convergmg operations (Gamer, Hake, & Enksen, 1956), but this^freedom to work on the problem does not make its solution any easierThe facts of perception force a few simple conclusions upon the mvestigator (a) that much perception is highly correlated with the external stimulus, le, corresponds to reahty, (b) that some perceptions which appear to be realistic are m fact distorted m one way or another, based on stimulus charactenstics or on the subject's expectations, needs, wishes, or cogmtive styles, and (c) that there are some perception-hke cogmtive expenences^ that bear very httle relation to external stimuh, and seem to reflect largely some kind of "state" of the person, as m dreams, hallucmauons, and depersonalization. Expenmental psychologists have dealt very largely with the fijst of these three sets of facts, somewhat with the 'The expenments on tachistoscopic perceptton referred to here were conducted m coUaboratioa with Judah Landes, and supported by a grant from the Ford Foundation to R R. Sears and E R Hilgard, which led to the establishment of the Laboratory of Human Development at Stanford * The word perception is usually confined to responses closely correlated with a presented stimulus, while cognition is a more general term which includes perception, judgment, imagery, and thought The boundaries of what should be called perceptual are not clear m marginal cases

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The Effect of Subliminal Visual Stimulation on Images and Dreams: A Validation Study

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

The consciousness continuum: from “qualia” to “free will”

The consciousness continuum: from “qualia” to “free will”

Eye Fixation and the Contents of Recall and Images as a Function of Heart Rate

What becomes of the input from the stimulus?1

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