The effect of swimming activity on bone architecture in growing rats

Simkin, Ariel; Leichter, Isaac; Swissa, A.; Samueloff, S.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(89)90068-7

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The program used in the present investigation averaged 1.5 hours of running per week and was of moderate intensity, as determined from a percentage of each subject's maximal heart rate. In contrast to the results of the present investigation, increases of up to 11 per cent in BMD and BMC have been shown in the tibia of young males following extremely intensive exercise (Margulies et al 1986;Leichter et al 1989). Intensity was characterised by activity lasting 8 hours a day, 6 days a week, for 14 weeks and with a load for some subjects which was sufficient to produce injury and stress fracture.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Longitudinal analyses have shown that 9 months of running training at a moderate intensity in older men (Williams et al 1984) and postmenopausal populations (Dalsky et al 1988;Rundgren et al 1984) was successful in increasing BMD and content. The present study was concerned with assessing the benefits of a short-term exercise program of moderate intensity, as previous short-term training studies have only considered intensive activity (Margulies et al 1986;Leichter et al 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of exercise on bone architecture was examined in the rat humeral shaft (Simkin et al 1989). Two groups of rats were trained to swim for 1 hour a day for 20 weeks, at either a light or moderate training level.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Bone Strength and Bone Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the intensity of the exercise was increased a change in bone density was seen following a short 14 week intervention in young males aged 18-21 years (Leichter et al 1989). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those adults that participated in extensive physical activity as children have a significantly greater bone density than those with an inactive childhood. There is little evidence of the response of bone to exercise in young adulthood and exercise studies that have been conducted on individuals in the 3rd decade of life have either utilised exercise intensities that have been responsible for an increase in both bone density and stress related injuries (Margulies et al 1986;Leichter et al 1989) or subject samples have included those over the 3rd decade (Dalen and Olsson, 1974). Few researchers have chosen to address the problem of age-related bone loss from a preventive perspective in this age group, and there is a particular lack of information on the effect of exercise of moderate intensity of shorter duration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Meerkin

Parker

1994

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1A B STR A C T Bone is a dynamic tissue that is continuously undergoing cycles of resorption and formation throughout life. Factors known to effect this remodelling process include an individual's nutritional and hormonal status and physical activity and achievable bone density is dependent on the interaction between an individuals chosen lifestyle and genetic make-up. There is considerable evidence that physical activity may have a positive effect on bone mineral density through the effects of mechanical loading and local and systemic physiological mechanisms. Lack of a change in bone mineral density following exercise has also been found, and this discrepancy in the literature may reflect differences in the nature, intensity and duration of the exercise programs that have been used. The complexity of the interaction between lifestyle and genetic factors, age and site specific responses also makes interpretation of the literature difficult. It has been suggested that attainment of a high peak bone mass earlier in life may compensate for the normal loss of bone which occurs and accelerates with aging. Moderate intensity activity has been shown to have a positive effect in the development of skeletal mass in children.However, there is a paucity of prospective information on the effects of physical activity in early-adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a protocol of running training designed to increase cardiovascular fitness would effect changes in bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone metabolism of young sedentary males. This study was also designed to assess possible associations between cardiovascular fitness and anthropometric variables and BMD and BMC.Twenty-six sedentary males with an average age of 22.2 years volunteered to participate in this study. Sixteen of those chosen to participate undertook a 16 week program of progressive running training and as the exercise program progressed the running distance became longer and the intensity of the runs was increased. Ten males acted as the control group and did not participate in any organised program of physical activity. Physical activity diaries were kept by all experimental and control subjects in order to assess daily training histories of both formal and informal activity. A maximal exercise treadmill test 11 was conducted to assess the cardiovascular fitness of all subjects and establish the training intensities for the exercising subjects. Tests were conducted before commencement of the program, at 4 weekly intervals and immediately following the intervention period. Cumulative heart rates and time to exhaustion from the initial and final maximal treadmill test were used as indicators of a change in cardiovascular fitness over the 16 weeks. Bone mineral density and content was assessed at three sites on the proximal femur and in lumbar vertebrae 2 to 4 using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry . The biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, namely serum osteocalcin and urinary hydroxyproline we...

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Relationship Between Bone Strength and Bone Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the intensity of the exercise was increased a change in bone density was seen following a short 14 week intervention in young males aged 18-21 years (Leichter et al 1989). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Meerkin

Parker

1994

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes

Shaw

Stock

2009

American J Phys Anthropol

191

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Variation in upper limb long bone cross-sectional properties may reflect a phenotypically plastic response to habitual loading patterns. Structural differences between limb bones have often been used to infer past behavior from hominin remains; however, few studies have examined direct relationships between behavioral differences and bone structure in humans. To help address this, cross-sectional images (50% length) of the humeri and ulnae of university varsity-level swimmers, cricketers, and controls were captured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography. High levels of humeral robusticity were found in the dominant arms of cricketers, and bilaterally among swimmers, whereas the most gracile humeri were found in both arms of controls, and the nondominant arms of cricketers. In addition, the dominant humeri of cricketers were more circular than controls. The highest levels of ulnar robusticity were also found in the dominant arm of cricketers, and bilaterally amongst swimmers. Bilateral asymmetry in humeral rigidity among cricketers was greater than swimmers and controls, while asymmetry for ulnar rigidity was greater in cricketers than controls. The results suggest that more mechanically loaded upper limb elements--unilaterally or bilaterally--are strengthened relative to less mechanically loaded elements, and that differences in mechanical loading may have a more significant effect on proximal compared to distal limb segments. The more circular humerus in the dominant arm in cricketers may be an adaptation to torsional strain associated with throwing activities. The reported correspondence between habitual activity patterns and upper limb diaphyseal properties may inform future behavioral interpretations involving hominin skeletal remains.

show abstract

Long-term exercise of young and adult female rats: Effect on femoral neck biomechanical competence and bone structure

Søgaard

Danielsen

Thorling

et al. 1994

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study was designed to examine the effect of exercise on femoral neck bone structure and strength in female rats after 4 and 10 months of exercise. Female Fischer rats aged 2 months were exercised for 4 h a day, 5 days a week on a motor-driven treadmill the speed of which was gradually increased until a daily distance of 2 km was reached. The training level was maintained for 4 months (n = 15) and 10 months (n = 15). Sedentary age-matched rats served as controls (n = 30). At death the proximal third of both femora was obtained from each rat. The left femoral neck was tested in a materials-testing machine, and the right was used for either trabecular bone mass measurement (BV/TV) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biomechanical testing revealed a significant training-induced increase in femoral neck bone strength after 4 months of exercise, which although not accelerated was preserved after 10 months of exercise. Histologic investigation revealed a significant training-induced increase in BV/TV, accounted for by a significantly smaller proportion of marrow space. No difference in cortical area was found. Both histology and SEM revealed a tendency to an earlier closure of the growth line in the exercised animals. However, the exercised animals aged 6 months had a significantly increased total femoral length compared with the sedentary rats. No difference was found in total femoral length between sedentary and exercised rats aged 12 months. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that exercise has a positive effect on femoral neck bone strength.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

show abstract

The effect of swimming activity on bone architecture in growing rats

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

456 the Response of Trabecular Bone to Physical Activity in Young Sedentary Males

Habitual throwing and swimming correspond with upper limb diaphyseal strength and shape in modern human athletes

Long-term exercise of young and adult female rats: Effect on femoral neck biomechanical competence and bone structure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About