The effect of swimming volume and intensity on changes in supraspinatus tendon thickness

Porter, K.; Talpey, Scott; Pascoe, Deborah; Blanch, Peter; Walker, Helen M.; Shield, Anthony

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.002

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Like wheelchair propulsion, swimming is a repetitive sport that places great demands on the shoulder tendon structures while the AHD is reduced. To this effect, an acute increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness has been reported immediately post a high intensity swim training (3.5 km in 2 h) with smaller, but still significant increases in thickness in response to high volume swim trainings (7 km in 2 h) in eight state and national level swim athletes (41). Further research is needed to determine a potential increase in biceps tendon thickness with longer bouts of intense propulsion activity.…”

Section: Acute Tendon Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder Tendon Adaptations Following a Graded Exercise Test to Exhaustion in Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With Different Impairments

Bossuyt

Mason

Briley

et al. 2022

Front. Rehabilit. Sci.

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify acute changes in biceps and supraspinatus tendon characteristics before and after a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) in highly trained wheelchair rugby (WR) athletes. A secondary aspect was to define chronic tendon adaptations related to the impairment of the athlete and the occupation of the tendon within the subacromial space (occupation ratio).MethodsTwelve WR athletes with different impairments (age = 32 ± 6 years; body mass = 67.2 ± 11.2 kg; 9.0 ± 3.6 years competing) volunteered for this study. Performance Corrected Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index was used to quantify shoulder pain. Quantitative Ultrasound Protocols (QUS) were used to define supraspinatus and biceps tendon thickness, echogenicity, and echogenicity ratio of both dominant and non-dominant shoulder before and after the GXT including 22 ± 3.1 min submaximal propulsion and 10.2 ± 1.7 min maximal propulsion on a treadmill. Furthermore, the acromio-humeral distance (AHD) defined from ultrasound (US) images was used to calculate the occupation ratios.ResultsA mixed-effect multilevel analysis that included shoulder as grouping variable, demonstrated a significant reduction in the echogenicity of the biceps following GXT whilst controlling for impairment [spinal cord injury (SCI) and non-SCI] and the occupation ratio (β = −9.01, SEβ = 2.72, p = 0.001, 95% CI = [−14.34; −3.68]). This points toward fluid inflow into the tendon that may be related to overload and acute inflammation. In addition, persons with a SCI (n = 8) had a thicker supraspinatus tendon in comparison to persons with non-SCI (n = 3) which may be related to chronic tendon adaptations (β = −0.53 mm, SEβ = 0.26, p = 0.038, 95% CI = [−1.04; −0.03]). Finally, a greater occupation ratio was associated with signs of tendinopathy (i.e., greater biceps and supraspinatus tendon thickness, and lower supraspinatus echogenicity and echogenicity ratio).ConclusionAcute biceps tendon adaptations in response to the GXT in highly trained WR athletes were evident with chronic adaptations in the supraspinatus tendon being related to the impairment of the athlete. Ultrasound can be used to monitor tendon adaptations in WR athletes for medical diagnosis to assist the scheduling and type of training.

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Section: Acute Tendon Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder Tendon Adaptations Following a Graded Exercise Test to Exhaustion in Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With Different Impairments

Bossuyt

Mason

Briley

et al. 2022

Front. Rehabilit. Sci.

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“…34 Contrary to this study, Hotta et al showed that intersegmental coordination exercises could modulate the scapular tilt. 35 Although there are previous reports on STT in swimmers, 8,13,14,36 longitudinal follow up throughout the season is limited. 37 Examining the acute effects of swimming, Porter et al 13,14 showed increased STT, whereas Tate et al 37 reported that it did not significantly change during the season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During these training sessions, ~2500–9600 shoulder rotations are completed per day 2,3 making these athletes prone to injuries of the shoulder complex 4 . Likewise, shoulder pain is commonplace in swimmers, 5–8 with decreased acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and increased supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) reported as predisposing factors 9–14 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Likewise, shoulder pain is commonplace in swimmers, [5][6][7][8] with decreased acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and increased supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) reported as predisposing factors. [9][10][11][12][13][14] Biomechanical studies showed that propulsive forces in swimming are mainly shoulder adduction and internal rotation, 15,16 and swimmers are at risk of shoulder injury, especially during front crawl-style arm rotation. 17 Shoulder stabilizers (mainly the rotator cuff muscles ie, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor) significantly contribute to the maintenance of AHD by keeping the humeral head in the glenoid cavity during dynamic arm elevation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 The effects of swimming training on shoulder periarticular structures in an adolescent population have not been studied. 11,13,14 The objective of this study was to prospectively explore the effects of training season on various shoulder structures and strength in competitive/ elite preadolescent swimmers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shoulder structures and strength in competitive preadolescent swimmers: A longitudinal ultrasonographic study

Özçadırcı

Doğan

Öztürk

et al. 2023

PM&R

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BackgroundRepetitive shoulder movements during competitive training may cause changes in the strength of periarticular shoulder structures in preadolescent swimmers.ObjectiveTo prospectively determine the effects of training on shoulder periarticular structures and muscle strength in preadolescent swimmers.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingCommunity‐based natatorium.ParticipantsTwenty‐four preadolescent swimmers aged 10–12 years.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresMeasurements were repeated in three periods as preseason, midseason, and postseason. Ultrasonographic measurements (supraspinatus tendon thickness, humeral head cartilage thickness, deltoid muscle thickness, and acromiohumeral distance) were performed using a portable device and a linear probe. Shoulder (flexion, extension, abduction, internal and external rotation) and back (serratus anterior, lower, and middle trapezius) isometric muscle strength were measured with a handheld dynamometer.ResultsSupraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were similar in all periods (all p > .05); however, deltoid muscle and humeral head cartilage thicknesses increased throughout the season (p = .002, p = .008, respectively). Likewise, whereas shoulder muscle strength increased (all p < .05), back muscle strength was similar in all periods (all p > .05).ConclusionsIn preadolescent swimmers, acromiohumeral distance and supraspinatus tendon thickness seem to not change; but humeral head cartilage and deltoid muscle thicknesses as well as shoulder muscle strength increase throughout the season.

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Clinical Application of Swim Stroke Analysis

Wayman,

Pintar,

Depp

2023

Endurance Sports Medicine

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The effect of swimming volume and intensity on changes in supraspinatus tendon thickness

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Shoulder Tendon Adaptations Following a Graded Exercise Test to Exhaustion in Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With Different Impairments

Shoulder Tendon Adaptations Following a Graded Exercise Test to Exhaustion in Highly Trained Wheelchair Rugby Athletes With Different Impairments

Shoulder structures and strength in competitive preadolescent swimmers: A longitudinal ultrasonographic study

Clinical Application of Swim Stroke Analysis

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