“…However, when we calculated p values based on the means, SDs, and sample sizes, nine studies showed a statistically significant difference at α = .05, while two did not (Table 1). In terms of simple differences in means between class formats, one study (Gundlach et al, 2015) observed a benefit A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t of the traditional LC class; two studies found a difference in mean final outcome percentage less than 5% (Nielsen, Bean, & Larsen, 2018, Khan & Watson Study 2); four studies found a difference in mean final outcome percentage greater than 5% but less than 10% (Reyneke, Fletcher, & Harding, 2018, Khan & Watson Study 1, Shinaberger, 2017, and Wilson, 2013, and four found a difference in mean final outcomes greater than 10% (Cilli-Turner, 2015, Peterson, 2016Heuett, 2017;and Maldonado & Morales, 2019). Shinaberger (2017) reported a covariateadjusted simple difference in means between the FC and LC, while the rest of the effects were unadjusted simple difference in mean performance.…”