The Effect of Tensional Load on Isolated Embryonic Chick Tendons in Organ Culture

Slack, C.; Flint, Michael H.; Thompson, Brent M.

doi:10.3109/03008208409013685

Cited by 69 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Similar increases were reported by Slack et al (1984), who found more synthetic activity of the matrix components in tendons of animals that performed intense physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of stretching on morphological and biochemical aspects of the extracellular matrix of the rat calcaneal tendon

et al. 2010

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Several studies have demonstrated the relationship between exercise and the extracellular matrix of muscle tendons, and have described alterations in their structural and biochemical properties when subjected to strenuous exercise. However, little is known about what happens to tendons when they are subjected to stretching. We evaluated the changes in the composition and structure of rat calcaneal tendons subjected to a stretching program. The animals had their muscles stretched for 30 s with 30 s of rest, with 10 repetitions, three and five times a week for 21 days. For morphological analysis, the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. For biochemical analysis, the tendons were treated with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and analyzed in SDS-PAGE. The contents of total proteins and glycosaminoglycans were also measured. In the sections stained with toluidine blue, we could observe an increase of rounded cells, especially in the enthesis region. In the region next to the enthesis was a metachromatic region, which was more intensely stained in the stretched groups. In the tension regions, the cells appeared more aligned. Cellularity increased in both regions. The SDS-PAGE analysis showed a larger amount of collagen in the stretched groups and a polydispersed component of 65 kDa in all the groups. The amounts of proteins and glycosaminoglycans were also larger in the stretched tendons. The agarose-gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of dermatan sulfate in the tension and compression regions, and of chondroitin sulfate only in the latter. Our results showed that the stretching stimulus changed the cellularity and the amount of the extracellular matrix compounds, confirming that tendons are dynamic structures with a capacity to detect alterations in their load.

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“…Similar increases were reported by Slack et al (1984), who found more synthetic activity of the matrix components in tendons of animals that performed intense physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of stretching on morphological and biochemical aspects of the extracellular matrix of the rat calcaneal tendon

et al. 2010

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“…This stage constitutes a critical period of the development of the musculo-tendinous complex in which the muscle bellies become individualized (Pautou et al 1982) and contracting (see Watson and Bekoff 1990) and, as we showed in this study, the musculo-tendinous junction is established. Since mechanical tension has been proposed to stimulate elastic matrix synthesis (Slack et al 1984;Sutcliffe and Davison 1990;Keeley and Alatawi 1991) it is tempting to suggest a relationship between elastic matrix deposition in the tendons and the onset of their functional activity. Such a relationship is supported by the observation that the tendon blastemas in experimentally muscleless chick limbs undergo disintegration at the time when elastic matrix should be deposited (Kieny and Chevallier 1979).…”

Section: Extracellular Matrix Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistological and ultrastructural study of the developing tendons of the avian foot

et al. 1995

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The aim of the present report is to provide a detailed description of the morphogenesis and initial differentiation of the long tendons of the chick foot, the long autopodial tendons (LAT), from day 6 to day 11 of development. The fine structure of the developing LAT was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization by immunofluorescent techniques of the extracellular matrix was performed using laser scanning confocal (tenascin, elastin, fibrillin, emilin, collagen type I, II, III, IV and VI) or routine fluorescence (tenascin, 13F4) microscopy. In addition, cell proliferation in pretendinous blastemas was analyzed by the detection of BrdU incorporation by immunofluorescence. The light microscopic analysis permitted the identification of different stages during LAT morphogenesis. The first stage is the formation of a thick ectoderm-mesenchyme interface along the digital rays, followed by the differentiation of the "mesenchyme lamina", an extracellular matrix tendon precursor, and ending with the formation and differentiation of the cellular condensation that forms the tendon blastema around this lamina. The immunofluorescence study revealed the presence and arrangement of the different molecules analyzed. Tenascin and collagen type VI are precocious markers of the developing tendons and remain present during the whole process of tendon formation. Collagen type I becomes mainly restricted to the developing tendons from day 7.5. Collagens type II and IV are never detected in the developing tendons, while a faint labeling for collagen type III is first detected at day 7. The analysis of the distribution of the elastic matrix components in the developing tendons is a major contribution of our study. Elastin was detected in the periphery of the tendons from day 8 and also in fibrils anchoring the tendons to the skeletal elements. At the same stage, emilin strongly stains the core of the tendon rods, while fibrillin is detected a little later. Our study indicates the existence of an ectoderm-mesoderm interaction at the first stage of the tendon formation. In addition, our results show the different spatial and temporal pattern of distribution of extracellular matrix molecules in developing tendons. Of special importance are the findings concerning the tendinous elastic matrix and its possible role in tendon maturation and stabilization.

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“…In contrast, mobilization of healing tendons in vivo affects the biomechanical and biochemical properties of flexor tendons (12). Applied tensional load on tendons cultured in serum-supplemented medium caused an increase in glycosaminoglycan and protein content (35) and of protein and collagen synthesis in aortic cells in culture (38). These reports together indicate that the metabolic state in a tendon is, besides hormonal factors, markedly influenced by the mechanical forces acting on the tendon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term explant culture of rabbit flexor tendon: Effects of recombinant human insulin‐like growth factor‐I and serum on matrix metabolism

Abrahamsson

Lundborg

Lohmander

1991

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Summary:The effects of human recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I (rhIGF-I, 50 ng/ml) on matrix metabolism in the deep flexor tendon from the tendon sheath region of the rabbit were studied in explants cultured for 3 weeks. Tendon segments cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) exhibited proliferation of the superficial cell layers. Synthesis of proteoglycan and non-collagen protein (NCP) increased threefold during the first week and remained elevated during the next 2 weeks of culture in medium supplemented with rhIGF-I or FCS, but not in medium without supplements (bovine serum albumin, BSA). The estimated halflife (t%) for elimination of newly labeled proteoglycans from the tendon explants ranged from 5.1 to 8.5 days and from 4.9 to 6.8 days for NCP in supplemented medium. Presence of rhIGF-I or FCS did not affect degradation of matrix as compared with BSA. The total hexosamine content per tendon segment was stable during the culture period, but the non-collagen protein content decreased by 25%. Collagen synthesis decreased to 10% of the initial level after 3 weeks in supplemented medium, but to 3% in unsupplemented medium. There was no measurable turnover of collagen in explants cultured in either medium, and the collagen content remained unchanged. Our results suggest that rhIGF-I, as well as FCS, stimulates matrix synthesis but does not influence matrix turnover in rabbit flexor tendon explants in long-term culture as compared with medium without supplements. We conclude that rhIGF-I may be used as a defined growthpromoting factor in serum-free media and may be of importance in tendon healing. Key Words: Recombinant human insulin-like growth factorTendon-Proteogly can-Collagen-Turnover.

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The Effect of Tensional Load on Isolated Embryonic Chick Tendons in Organ Culture

Cited by 69 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of stretching on morphological and biochemical aspects of the extracellular matrix of the rat calcaneal tendon

Effects of stretching on morphological and biochemical aspects of the extracellular matrix of the rat calcaneal tendon

Immunohistological and ultrastructural study of the developing tendons of the avian foot

Long‐term explant culture of rabbit flexor tendon: Effects of recombinant human insulin‐like growth factor‐I and serum on matrix metabolism

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