The effect of the brain stem reticular formation on the linguomandibular reflex

King, Ellen Eva; Minz, B; Unna, Klaus

doi:10.1002/cne.901020302

Cited by 43 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…However, it is of interest to discuss them in relation to the peripheral modulation of temporalis ES2 presented here. High intensity, painful stimuli of peripheral limbs, chiefly of sensory nerves or skin, produce in healthy controls a marked reduction of ES2 for interstimulus intervals around 50-60 ms. A similar phenomenon is well known in animal experiments where noxious stimuli applied in the periphery decrease the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) at a latency ranging between 20 and 50 ms. [35][36][37][38] It has been compared 38 to the so-called "diffuse noxious inhibitory control" (DNIC), which consists of response inhibition in convergent neurons of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and of the spinal dorsal horn, by a remote noxious stimulus. 39,40 However, DNIC is suppressed by naloxone, 41 while the depression of the digastric reflex induced by peripheral stimuli is not.…”

Section: This Question Needs Further Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Headache and in Normal Volunteers: Methodology, Clinical and Pathophysiological Relevance

Schoenen

1993

Headache

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Exteroceptive suppression of temporalis muscle activity was studied in patients with chronic headache and in healthy controls. Among different methods of recording, averaging 10 full-wave rectified EMG responses produces results with acceptable variability and discomfort. The late temporalis exteroceptive suppression period (ES2) is reduced on average in patients with chronic tension-type headache; this finding has been reproduced by several independent laboratories. Mean duration of temporalis ES2 is also diminished, but to a lesser degree, in daily drug abuse headache and, as shown by others, in episodic tension-type headache. It is normal in migraine between attacks, cluster headache and various types of symptomatic headaches. Temporalis ES2 may be decreased in untreated patients with major depression. In healthy volunteers, temporalis ES2 duration is reduced by a short-lasting painful stimulus to peripheral limbs after a delay of 50 to 60 ms, and by a sub-motor threshold electromagnetic stimulation to the contralateral cerebral cortex after a delay of 20 to 30 ms. In contrast, long-lasting trains of peripheral painful stimuli have no effect. Various pharmacological agents are able to modify temporalis ES2. Its duration is increased by 5-HT antagonists, but decreased by 5-HT uptake blockers. Pharmacological effects may differ between controls and patients. Considering these results and available data on the anatomo-functional organization of masticatory reflexes, we postulate that temporalis ES2 is a marker of the excitability of interneuronal nets in the ponto-medullary reticular formation. In chronic tension-type headache, excitability of these interneurons is decreased because of inadequate control by the serotonergic raphe magnus nucleus and the periaqueductal gray matter. Dysfunctioning of the latter structures might be caused by abnormal limbic inputs to the brain stem. Some steps of this pathophysiological hypothesis can be verified by modern neurophysiological techniques.

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Section: This Question Needs Further Investigationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Headache and in Normal Volunteers: Methodology, Clinical and Pathophysiological Relevance

Schoenen

1993

Headache

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“…Noxious stimuli applied in the periphery decrease the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) at a latency ranging between 20 and 50 msec (39)(40)(41)(42). This has been compared (42) to the so-called "diffuse noxious inhibitory control" (DNIC), which consists of response inhibition in convergent neurons of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and of the spinal dorsal horn by a remote noxious stimulus (43,44).…”

Section: Anatomo-functional Organization Of Temporalis Exteroceptive mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity: Methodological and Physiological Aspects

Schoenen

1993

Cephalalgia

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In recent years studies of the suppression of EMG activity in temporalis muscle induced by stimulation in the trigeminal territory have opened new perspectives in headache research. The various methods that have been used in different laboratories are reviewed and some of the physiological modulations of temporalis exteroceptive suppression are described. Among different methods of recording, averaging 10 full-wave rectified EMG responses produces results with acceptable variability and discomfort. In order to obtain maximal responses the intensity of the stimulation should reach at least 20 mA. To avoid habituation of the second temporalis exteroceptive suppression period (ES2), the stimulation frequency has to be at 0.1 Hz or below. The level of voluntary contraction is not a critical variable as long as it reaches 50% of maximum. Some physiological variations of temporalis suppression are well documented. In females, ES2 is shorter during menstruation than at mid-cycle and correlated with the estradiol/progesterone ratio in plasma. Conditioning temporalis ES2 by a preceding peripheral stimulus markedly reduces its duration, which is partly reversible by naloxone. Various pharmacological agents are able to modify temporalis ES2: its duration is increased by 5-HT1 antagonists, but decreased by 5-HT uptake blockers; contradictory results have been obtained with acetylsalicylic acid. These results suggest that inhibitory brain-stem interneurons mediating temporalis ES2 are inhibited by serotonergic afferents, probably from the raphe magnus nucleus, and that the latter receives an excitatory input from the periaqueductal gray matter and other limbic structures, in part via opioid receptors.

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“…Trigeminal motoneuron membrane potential [Nakamura et al, 1978;Chase et al, 1980] and jaw reflex amplitude are dependent on the level of vigilence and perhaps under the control of the reticular formation [Dell, 1963;Chase, 1970]. Furthermore, stimulation of areas of the reticular formation that have been shown to be active in movements such as locomotion [Orlovsky, 1970;Shimamura et al, 1982;Shimamura and Kogure, 1983;Drewet al, 1983] can modify the digastric reflex [King et al, 1955;Hugelin and Du mont, 1961]. In addition, the movements of the head during locomotion affect the jaw muscles (see below).…”

Section: Jaw Opening Reflexmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

Lund¹,

Drew²,

Rossignol³

1984

Brain Behav Evol

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This paper reports on experiments on the jaw opening reflex carried out while awake unrestrained cats were eating or walking on a treadmill. It is shown that the jaw opening reflex response to low intensity stimulation diminished in all phases of the masticatory cycle. The response to higher threshold afferents, however, is phase modulated so that the largest responses occur during the jaw closing phase. This is in accord with the need for increased protection of the soft tissues in this phase of the movement. In contrast, the digastric reflex amplitude does not change when the cat passes from quiet standing to walking on the treadmill. Evidence is presented that the electromyographic activity of the jaw closing muscles increases during upwards movement of the head during walking and decreases as the head falls. These data support the hypothesis that the myotatic reflex in the elevator muscles plays a role in stabilizing the mandible during locomotion.

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The effect of the brain stem reticular formation on the linguomandibular reflex

Cited by 43 publications

References 32 publications

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Headache and in Normal Volunteers: Methodology, Clinical and Pathophysiological Relevance

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity in Patients with Chronic Headache and in Normal Volunteers: Methodology, Clinical and Pathophysiological Relevance

Exteroceptive Suppression of Temporalis Muscle Activity: Methodological and Physiological Aspects

A Study of Jaw Reflexes of the Awake Cat during Mastication and Locomotion

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