The Effect of the Different Percentage of Pour Point Depressant (PPD) On the Tribological Properties of Palm Kernel Oil

Dandan, Muhammad Arif; Yahaya, Aiman; Syahrullail, S.

doi:10.24874/ti.2019.41.03.06

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Hence, the significant thermal stability and cold temperature properties of the PKO biolubricants, compared with the PKO. Similar results were obtained by Alang et al, 1 Bahadi et al, 12 Shaba et al, 16 Dandan et al, 51 and Musa 49 for the synthesis of biolubricant using PKO; as well as by Ishola et al 14 and Bello et al, 53 for the synthesis of biodiesel from palm olein and PKO, respectively.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The viscosity of the PKO sample was lower than the values reported for PKO, by Alang et al 1 The viscosity was also lower than the value for Jatropha and palm oils by Menkiti et al, 4 and Reddy et al, 50 respectively. These values for PKO biolubricant samples were less than those of biolubricant from PKO reported as 480.63 cSt at 40°C and 20.54 cSt at 100°C, by Alang et al 1 Similarly, the values of viscosities at 40 and 100°C for PKO biolubricant samples in this study were higher than the 32.67 and 6.10 cSt, respectively, reported for palm kernel biolubricant by Shaba et al 16 Furthermore, Bahadi et al 12 and Dandan et al, 51 reported that the viscosities of palm kernel biolubricants at 40 and 100°C as, 41.76, 8.73 cSt and 35.36, 11.24 cSt, respectively. These cited values were relatively close to the values obtained in this work.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 58%

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Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Egbuna

Nwachukwu

Agu

et al. 2021

Engineering Reports

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This work focused on the chemical synthesis and characterization of palm kernel oil (PKO) for biolubricant production using transesterification of palm kernel methyl ester with trimethylolpropane (TMP) and epoxidation‐esterification methods. The PKO was extracted using solvent extraction method. The physicochemical characteristics of the PKO and produced biolubricant samples were determined using standard methods. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and gas chromatographic (GC) analyses were used to determine the predominant functional groups and fatty acids of PKO and the produced biolubricant samples, respectively. The kernel oil yield of 49.82% (by weight) was obtained at 55°C, 150 min and 0.5 mm particle size. The viscosities at 40°C, 100°C, viscosity index, pour and flash points of the biolubricants produced by transesterification with TMP (PKBLT) and epoxidation‐esterification (PKBLE) methods, were (42.53 cSt, 10.65 cSt, 139, −11°C, 235°C) and (44.69 cSt, 11.42 cSt, 132, −12°C, 240°C), respectively. Time, mole ratio, and temperature effects were the main factors that significantly influenced the transesterification and epoxidation processes. The obtained physicochemical properties of PKBLE and PKBLT samples showed conformity with ISO VG 32 standard, hence their possible application as biolubricant basestock. Furthermore, the presences of the C–H, OH functional groups in the FTIR results, indicate the biodegradability of the produced biolubricant samples; while the GC analyses indicate that the samples were mainly saturated fatty acids.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 58%

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Egbuna

Nwachukwu

Agu

et al. 2021

Engineering Reports

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results have shown that on adding PPD, the stated biolubricant is capable of withstanding lower temperatures. 140 The addition of ZnO nanoparticles in optimized concentration blended in neem oil prevents the rise in viscosity, clearly manifesting ZnO as a pour point depressant at subzero temperature. 141 3.3.7.…”

Section: Pour Point Depressants (Ppds)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Effect of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Tribological Properties of Biolubricants

Uniyal,

Gaur,

Yadav

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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This review provides a comprehensive and accessible literature review on the integration of nanoparticles into biolubricants to enhance wear and friction regulation, thus improving the overall lubricated system performance. Nanotechnology has significantly impacted various industries, particularly in lubrication. Nanobiolubricants offer promising avenues for enhancing tribological properties. This review focuses on oxide nanoparticles, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles, for their ability to enhance lubricant performance. The impact of nanoparticle concentration on biolubricant properties, including viscosity, viscosity index, flash point temperature, and pour point temperature, is analyzed. The review also addresses potential obstacles and limitations in nanoparticle incorporation, aiming to propose effective strategies for maximizing their benefits. The findings underscore the potential of nanobiolubricants to improve operational efficiency and component lifespan. This review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, engineers, and professionals in exploring and leveraging nanotechnology's potential in the lubrication industry. This review paper explores the basics of tribology along with its significance, green principles, mechanisms, and energy savings because of friction, wear, and lubrication. Condition monitoring techniques are also explored to achieve brief knowledge about maintaining reliability and safety of the industrial components. Recent advances in tribology including superconductivity, biotribology, hightemperature tribology, tribological simulation, hybrid polymer composite's tribology, and cryogenic tribology are investigated, which gives a thorough idea about the subject.

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“…Beyond this, many other researchers have worked on palm oil and some other vegetable oils in prospecting biodegradable lubricants. Dandan & Syahrullail (2017) demonstrated that palm oil can be applied for lubrication in sensitive operations due to their nontoxicity. Distinct lubricity of palm oil at low temperature is a potential for its preference upon other vegetative seed oils.…”

Section: Potentials and Limitations Of Vegetable Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Palm oil as an alternative bio lubricant: A review

Koleola Ebenezer Ojaomo,

Syahrullail Samion,

Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop

2023

World J. Adv. Res. Rev.

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Lubrication in mechanical operations involving relative motions of machine elements have been known to facilitate longer techno-economic life span of machine and its components. Lubrication reduces wear and tear of contacting surfaces in relative motion by creating a lubricous layered gap of fluid, powder or semi-solid like grease. Lubricant has also been proven to move heat away from rubbing surfaces to enhance thermal stability of their operations. Various methods, substances and technologies have been adopted to achieve the desired smooth running, minimize frictional losses and improve the thermal stability in the machine members. Mineral oils of long chain hydrocarbon as base oil have really gained ground as an extremely popular choice either in liquid or semi-solid state as lubricant. Recent research has however revealed that mineral oils are non-biodegradable, prone to pollution and hence constitute enormous risks to the environment. This observation and the need for a friendly environment have aroused the curiosity of researchers in the field of tribology and material engineering to the onerous challenge of finding alternative lubricants that will be harmless to the ecosystem and easy disposal of after use. Chief amongst the suggestions made towards the discovery of an environmentally friendly lubricant is the use of vegetable oils of distinct species. The identification of the potential available in vegetable oils has been demonstrated in certain classical operations requiring moderate temperature such as machining and few other cold working operations. This review examines the previous studies regarding the discovery of an alternative machine lubricant from the available vegetative seed oils, particularly palm oil, and suggests ways to improve previous findings and potentials.

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The Effect of the Different Percentage of Pour Point Depressant (PPD) On the Tribological Properties of Palm Kernel Oil

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

Production of biolubricant samples from palm kernel oil using different chemical modification approaches

A Review on the Effect of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Tribological Properties of Biolubricants

Palm oil as an alternative bio lubricant: A review

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