“…In particular, Carow (2001) reports positive excess returns around court rulings allowing banks to sell annuities. Others, examine the market reaction to the Financial Services Modernization Act (FSMA) of 1999 and generally point to positive wealth effects for insurers (Carow and Heron, 2002;Hendershott et al, 2002;Neale and Peterson, 2005), except for Yildirim et al (2006), who report positive wealth effects and risk reductions for all FIs. Consistent with these studies, Carow and Kane's (2002) survey concludes that the relaxation of long-standing restrictions on the U.S. FIs may have redistributed, rather than created, value.…”