The Effect of the Hydrolytic Products of Casein and Deaminized Casein on the Cataractogenic Action of Galactose

Moore, E. L.; Henderson, Mary D.; Mitchell, Helen S.; Ritchie, Walter S.

doi:10.1093/jn/21.2.125

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Using the same technique Leonards et al (228) found that the uptake of galactose was slowed down in vitamin B 1 deficiency. Mitchell et al have continued their studies of the mechanism of development of lactose (galactose) cataract (231,232,233,234). Richter (230) offered various carbohydrates as the sole diet to rats and found that their appetite was least for, and the survival time shortest with, lactose and galactose.…”

Section: (Vi) Vitamin Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Kon

1943

Journal of Dairy Research

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Reviews of the progress of dairy science Thompson (30). Simple rapid methods for the measurement of the yellow colour of milk by means of a 'lactochrometer'(3i) and of carotene in butter fat by visual comparison with potassium bichromate standards (32) have been described. Effern(33) has applied the reaction of Rosenthal & Erdely(34) to the photometric estimation of vitamin A in butter, but the value of this method is not proven and the calculations are open to criticism.In previous reviews (35,36,37) papers dealing with the apparently abnormal behaviour of vitamin A and carotene in butter were discussed, but evidence is now growing that the vitamin A . activity of milk or butter calculated from proper chemical and physical measurements of vitamin A and carotene agrees with results of biological assay (25,38). The recent results of Fraps et al. {39) correcting their earlier findings also point in the same direction, while Shrewsbury & Kraybill(40) now report that carotene dissolved in butter fat devoid of vitamin A activity has the same availability for rats as when dissolved in cotton-seed or maize oil. On the other hand, Koehn(27,28) is still of the opinion that the factor for converting colorimetric readings into international units of vitamin A is appreciably higher for milk than for cod-liver oil.Normally the fat-soluble pigment of milk consists mostly of /? carotene and the ratio of 94 % j8 carotene and 6 % xanthophylls put forward by Gillam(4i) has been generally accepted. It has been known, however, for some time that the exact proportions vary according to the composition of the carotenoids in the fodder of the cow(37). More recent work in which the analysis was done by chromatography instead of by phase separation indicates that even in normal milk the contribution of /3 carotene may be smaller than hitherto believed, while special feeding of the cow may result in the appearance in the milk of much inactive carotenoid. Thus Johnson et al. (42,43) found in the butter of cows receiving molasses lucerne silage only 68 % of the total carotenoids in the form of /} carotene, the rest consisting of xanthophylls, 24 %, and 'acidformed' pigments(44), 8 %. Phosphoric acid lucerne silage yielded 65 % ft carotene and a higher proportion, 12 %, of pigments formed by the action of acid. Even pasture butter had 20 % of xanthophyllic pigments, but artefacts were absent and carotene amounted to 80 % (42,43). Similar values for pasture butters are reported by Thompson et aZ.(45) who also observed that Guernsey cows are less selective than Shorthorns and pass into their milk under comparable conditions a larger proportion of inactive carotenoids. This is doubtless another expression of the known peculiarities of carotenoid metabolism of the Channel Island cattle. There are further examples of these peculiarities. Thus, Gillam & Kon(46) showed that the Shorthorn cow effectively excludes lycopene, an isomer of carotene, from her milk, even when large quantities of it are fed in the form of tomato puree. Under similar...

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Section: (Vi) Vitamin Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Kon

1943

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…A high-protein diet is not fundamentally involved in hypertension, with or without renal damage (142 ), while proteins from different food sources are differentially involved in experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits (143 . ) Investigations on the protective action of proteins against the nu tritional cataract induced by excessive galactose feeding indicate that this action does not parallel their value in growth promotion (144), and that it is associated with the diamino and dicarboxylic acid fraction of the enzymic hydrolysates (145 ). There is considerable evidence that the selenium in toxic wheat and other se1eniferous plants has re placed sulfur in some sulfur-containing amino acid (146,147) …”

Section: Some Physiological Effects Of Amino Acids and Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Mitchell¹

1942

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

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Perhaps the most significant series of investigations on the metab olism of proteins and amino acids, extending into the current year, has been carried out in this country by a group of scientists headed by Rudolf Schoenheimer, whose presence in this country was more a matter of circumstance than of choice. If political intolerance can be said to have any redeeming features, it would be in the enrichment of the intellectual life of those countries not so afflicted, by the en forced migration of scholars of distinction in their chosen fields of study. Among these scholars, Schoenheimer stood pre-eminent. His tragic death on September 11, 1941, must be recorded with sincere regret.The investigations of Schoenheimer and colleagues, involving the use of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds that had been labeled by the inclusion in their molecules at strategic points of the N15 isotope and of deuterium, permitted a direct attack upon many problems of intermediary metabolism that previously were unsolv able, or that had been incompletely solved by the accumulation merely of indirect or circumstantial evidence. Urinary creatinine was shown indubitably to be derived from tissue creatine, the major mechanism for urea formation was proven to be the ornithine-arginine cycle, the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine was found to occur readily 257 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1942.11:257-282. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by McMaster University on 02/03/15. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 258 MITCHELL in the body, even in the presence of an excess of dietary tyrosine, the importance of glutamic and aspartic acids in transamination was es tablished, the conversion of ornithine to proline and glutamic acid was shown to occur, r.nd the anabolic utilization of unnatural isomers by inversion to the natural form was demonstrated with d ( + ) -leucine.Furthermore, new phases in amino acid metabolism were discovered that could only have been suspected previously, such as the irreversi bility of the deamination reaction in volving lysine, as compared with the ready reversibility of the same reaction with leucine, histidine, and many other amino acids. However, the most important discovery of the researches of Schoenheimer and his colleagues with labeled amino acids was the revelation of the existence of a dynamic equilibrium be tween the tissues of the body and the surrounding nutrient media that had not previously been suspected.Schoenheimer & :Kitten berg (1) in a recent review of their work, explain the situation in the following words:The fact that the living organism, in contrast to the dead material, keeps constant the form of the cells and organs as well as the chemical structure of the large molecules has led many investigators to believe that the tissue enzymes, which show their destructive power during autolysis, lie dormant during life and are "activated" only when their functi on is required. The results obtained with isotopes make such a supposition unne...

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Ophthalmic aspects of protein deficiency and disordered protein metabolism

Gb¹

1950

Doc Ophthalmol

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The importance of protein metabolism has perhaps dwindled in these last years, probably by reason of the overwhelming contributions on vitamins, but interest in proteins is now largely reviving, not only because of knowledge gained on the amino-acid and on the effects of protein-deprivation during and after the Second World War, but also as a consequence of electrophoretic examinations of the blood plasma in the so-called ,,haemoplasmopathies'.No doubt the ocular aspects of disordered protein metabolism are not so sharply defined and so typical as those produced by lack of vitamins, but I think the main lines of the problem are worthy of consideration by the ophthalmologist, although he will encounter on his way many question marks and a number of obscure points awaiting elucidation.The importance of proteins in nutrition lies in their value for the constructive metabolism of the tissues, a function denied to other dietary components, such as lipids and glycids, which are only able to cover the caloric balance. In fact the proteins replace lost nitrogen, and furnish certain amino-acids which cannot be synthesized by the animal, and which are needed to reconstruct protoplasm and to build new cells. Proteins are also the source of the aminoacids concerned in the production of hormones and of some oxidoreductive and enzymatic systems, such as glutathione and the yellow respiratory ferment of Warburg. The latter is not the only example of an interrelationship with a vitamin (B 2); for instance methionine, one of the essential amino-acids, supplies methyl groups for the synthesis of choline (a vitaminic factor of the B-Complex), and tryptophan is regarded as a biological precursor of the pellagrapreventive factor, nicotinic acid. Moreover proteins play an impor~ tant part, by virtue of their great hydrophilic properties, in the hydric exchanges of the body-tissues. From the Ophthalmological Clinic of the University. A lecture on this subject was delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons, England on March 29th, 1949.200

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The Effect of the Hydrolytic Products of Casein and Deaminized Casein on the Cataractogenic Action of Galactose

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

Section D. The Nutritional Value of Milk and Milk Products

The Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

Ophthalmic aspects of protein deficiency and disordered protein metabolism

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