The effect of the palmaris longus muscle on wrist flexion and extension strength

Karahan, Ali Yavuz; Bakdik, Suleyman; Özen, Kemal Emre; Arslan, Serdar; Karpuz, Savaş; Yılmaz, Nihal; Yıldırım, Pelin; Öncü, Fatih; Çiçekcibaşı, Aynur Emine

doi:10.3233/ies-171139

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Multiple movements and contraction types were examined. Movement directions were organized into three pairs: flexion/extension ( n = 12; Cornu, Maietti & Ledoux, 2003 ; Danneskiold-Samsøe et al, 2009 ; Forthomme et al, 2002 ; Hallbeck, 1994 ; Harbo, Brincks & Andersen, 2012 ; Holzbaur et al, 2007 ; Karahan et al, 2017 ; La Delfa et al, 2015 ; Mao et al, 2000 ; Nicholas et al, 1989 ; Plewa, Potvin & Dickey, 2016 ; Raschner et al, 2010 ), pronation/supination ( n = 6; Axelsson et al, 2018 ; Harbin, Leyh & Harbin, 2020 ; Kramer et al, 1993 ; Matsuoka et al, 2006 ; Nilsson et al, 2019 ; Puharic & Bohannon, 1993 ), and ulnar/radial deviation ( n = 3; La Delfa et al, 2015 ; Miller, Nair & Baratz, 2005 ; Plewa, Potvin & Dickey, 2016 ). Almost all articles evaluated movement direction pairs, with few articles looking at single movement directions: extension ( Andrews, Thomas & Bohannon, 1996 ; Cornwall, 1994 ; Richards, Gordon & Beaton, 1993 ), flexion ( Harbin, Leyh & Harbin, 2020 ; Hill et al, 2018 ; Lorbergs et al, 2011 ), and ulnar deviation ( Crawford, Wanibe & Nayak, 2002 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost all articles evaluated movement direction pairs, with few articles looking at single movement directions: extension ( Andrews, Thomas & Bohannon, 1996 ; Cornwall, 1994 ; Richards, Gordon & Beaton, 1993 ), flexion ( Harbin, Leyh & Harbin, 2020 ; Hill et al, 2018 ; Lorbergs et al, 2011 ), and ulnar deviation ( Crawford, Wanibe & Nayak, 2002 ). Three included articles examined solely isokinetic movements ( Forthomme et al, 2002 ; Mao et al, 2000 ; Nicholas et al, 1989 ), 18 examined isometric movements ( Andrews, Thomas & Bohannon, 1996 ; Axelsson et al, 2018 ; Cornu, Maietti & Ledoux, 2003 ; Cornwall, 1994 ; Crawford, Wanibe & Nayak, 2002 ; Hallbeck, 1994 ; Harbin, Leyh & Harbin, 2020 ; Holzbaur et al, 2007 ; Karahan et al, 2017 ; La Delfa et al, 2015 ; Lorbergs et al, 2011 ; Matsuoka et al, 2006 ; Miller, Nair & Baratz, 2005 ; Nilsson et al, 2019 ; Plewa, Potvin & Dickey, 2016 ; Puharic & Bohannon, 1993 ; Raschner et al, 2010 ; Richards, Gordon & Beaton, 1993 ), and four articles assessed a combination of both movement types ( Danneskiold-Samsøe et al, 2009 ; Harbo, Brincks & Andersen, 2012 ; Hill et al, 2018 ; Kramer et al, 1993 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various measurement tools were used to assess wrist strength. A handheld dynamometer was the most popular measurement tool ( n = 15; Andrews, Thomas & Bohannon, 1996 ; Axelsson et al, 2018 ; Crawford, Wanibe & Nayak, 2002 ; Danneskiold-Samsøe et al, 2009 ; Forthomme et al, 2002 ; Harbin, Leyh & Harbin, 2020 ; Harbo, Brincks & Andersen, 2012 ; Hill et al, 2018 ; Holzbaur et al, 2007 ; Karahan et al, 2017 ; Kramer et al, 1993 ; Lorbergs et al, 2011 ; Mao et al, 2000 ; Nicholas et al, 1989 ; Puharic & Bohannon, 1993 ), with force transducers ( Hallbeck, 1994 ; Plewa, Potvin & Dickey, 2016 ; Raschner et al, 2010 ), and load cells ( Cornwall, 1994 ; La Delfa et al, 2015 ; Miller, Nair & Baratz, 2005 ) also commonly used. Less common measurement tools included an ergometer ( Cornu, Maietti & Ledoux, 2003 ), a myometer ( Richards, Gordon & Beaton, 1993 ), a force cell ( Matsuoka et al, 2006 ), and a torque meter with a strain gauge ( Nilsson et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in wrist strength: a systematic review

Napper,

Sayal,

Holmes

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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Sex differences in strength have been attributed to differences in body anthropometrics and composition; these factors are often ignored when generating workplace guidelines. These differences directly impact the upper extremity, leaving female workers exposed to injury risk. The wide range of tools and techniques for measuring upper extremity strength presents a challenge to ergonomists and work task designers; collating outcomes to provide a clear outlook of differences between males and females is essential and the purpose of this work. Four online databases were searched (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022339023) with a focus on articles assessing sex differences in wrist strength. A total of 2,378 articles were screened for relevancy; 25 full-text articles were included in this systematic review. Articles examined movement pairs (ulnar/radial deviation, pronation/supination, and flexion/extension), as well as contraction types (isometric and isokinetic) to observe sex differences in wrist strength. Across all articles, females produced ∼60–65% of male flexion/extension strength, ∼55–60% pronation/supination strength, and ∼60–70% ulnar/radial deviation strength. Overall, females presented lower strength-producing abilities than males, but when considering strength relative to body mass, male-female differences were less pronounced and occasionally females surpassed male strength metrics; typically, this occurred during flexion/extension, particularly in isokinetic contractions. This review has identified a scarcity of articles examining ulnar/radial deviation, pronation/supination, as well as isokinetic contractions; these are needed to supplement workplace exposure guidelines.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex differences in wrist strength: a systematic review

Napper,

Sayal,

Holmes

et al. 2023

PeerJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…PL is classified as a phylogenetically retrogressive metacarpophalangeal flexor that lost its function with the erection of the human during evolution and proposed to be extinct gradually. Therefore, PL is considered a dispensable muscle because its absence does not affect the functions of the wrist and hand [2,3]. All these characteristics of the PL tendon (PLT) make it an ideal graft choice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction Of Palmaris Longus Tendon Length And Thickness Through Simple Anthropometric Measurements

Kilic,

Kose,

Egerci

et al. 2024

Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir

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Objective This study aimed to test whether palmaris longus tendon (PLT) length and thickness can be predicted from simple anthropometric measurements. Materials and methods 120 healthy volunteers with bilateral PL muscles were enrolled in this prospective study. PLT length and thickness were measured by ultrasonographic examination. Anthropometric measurements included body height, weight, forearm length, and wrist circumference. Correlation, linear regression, and Bland-Altman plot were used for analysis. Results The mean PLT length and thickness were 10.8±1.4 cm and 4.0±0.9 mm, respectively. Body height and PLT length had a moderate positive correlation (r:0.407, p:0.001), and forearm length and PLT thickness had a weak positive correlation (r:0.229, p:0.001). The regression analysis showed that body height was the best predictor for PLT length, and forearm length was the best predictor for PLT thickness. The regression equations were as follows: PLT length=0.276+(0.062×height) (r2=0.165, p<0.001) and PLT thickness=1.373+(0.108×forearm length) (r2=0.052, p<0.001). The predicted PLT lengths and thicknesses were calculated using these regression formulas and compared with the actual thicknesses and lengths using the Bland-Altman plot. The upper and lower limits of agreement (95% CI) ranged from -2.54 cm to 2.51 cm for actual PLT length and predicted PLT length and from -1.76 mm to 1.74 mm for actual PLT thickness and predicted PLT thickness in the Bland-Altman plot with a weak agreement and proportional bias. Conclusions These findings indicate that height and forearm length have limited accuracy in predicting PLT length and thickness. The preoperative ultrasonographic examination can provide valuable assistance, particularly in cases that require grafts with precise length and thickness requirements.

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“…Besides being of high clinical practice where it is often used as a tendon graft for reconstructive hand surgery (Kleinert et al, 1991), its function as a flexor of the wrist has been usually defined as minor (Verdan & Poulenas, 1975;Sebastin et al, 2005;Karahan et al, 2017). Nevertheless, this statement has been challenged by many when PL contribution was assessed in professional sport players (Menevse, 2011;Fowlie et al, 2012;Koc, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of the Palmaris Longus and its Impact on Grip Strength in Elite Gymnasts and Non-Athletes

et al. 2019

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In elite athletes, the palmaris longus (PL) presence has a potential contribution to hand strength, smaller reaction time, better shooting speed and power. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PL in elite competitive artistic gymnasts and its impact on grip strength compared to a control group of moderately active non-athletes. This prospective study included 370 subjects divided in two groups (170 elite artistic gymnasts and 200 moderately active non-athletes, students of medicine). The study consisted of two clinical sets of examination: a search for the clinical presence of PL was initially conducted followed by the assessment of maximal grip strength. Standard and six additional tests were performed to confirm PL tendon absence. Maximal grip strength was measured bilaterally with an electronic hand dynamometer. Bilateral absence was more common than unilateral, predominately noted on left side in both study groups. Unilateral PL absence was correlated to decreased grip strength in students, while the opposite was found in gymnasts. The mean value of grip strength in some age groups was higher on the side where the PL was absent. The results of our study show that the presence of the PL doesn`t affect the hand grip strength in gymnasts. Due to the low incidence of unilateral PL absence, further large-sampled research is warranted to assess PL contribution to hand grip strength and to other hand functions that could be of significant importance for athletes and non-athletes.

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The effect of the palmaris longus muscle on wrist flexion and extension strength

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Sex differences in wrist strength: a systematic review

Sex differences in wrist strength: a systematic review

Prediction Of Palmaris Longus Tendon Length And Thickness Through Simple Anthropometric Measurements

Prevalence of the Palmaris Longus and its Impact on Grip Strength in Elite Gymnasts and Non-Athletes

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