The Effect of the Validity of Co-occurrence on Automatic and Deliberate Evaluation

Attitudes as propositional representations

“…Second, relational information seems to have a stronger effect on EC when it is made salient [35,37]. In line with this conclusion, relational information has a bigger impact when it is presented simultaneously with rather than before or after the CS-US pairs [33,38], when it is manipulated within rather than between participants [26,[39][40][41], and when it is provided via verbal instructions rather than non-verbal cues [26,27,42].…”

“…Although the effects of relational information on EC are widespread, their magnitude depends on several factors. First, effects are usually stronger and found more consistently when EC is assessed using explicit evaluations than when using implicit evaluations [32][33][34][35][36].…”

A multi-method multi-trait test of the dual-attitude perspective.

“…Here, we used an informative alternative approach that validates each supposed measure of implicit attitudes by testing whether it is related to other supposed measures of implicit attitudes more than to supposed measures of explicit attitudes. Another informative validation approach is to examine whether interventions that are supposed to change implicit attitudes have a similar impact on multiple (supposed) implicit attitude measures (Borsboom, Mellenbergh, & van Heerden, 2004; e.g., Moran, Bar-Anan, & Nosek, in press).…”

Evaluative conditioning effects are modulated by the nature of contextual pairings

“…Although it worked, we may have had more success if our symbolic meaning manipulation was distinct from, and actually came before, the EC phase (e.g., similar to the priming task used by Corneille et al, 2009, or a pre-training phase that involves exclusively opposite pairs presented across several experimental sessions and only then the EC phase). Previous work indicates that timing matters when it comes to changing the meaning of pairings: providing explicit information about the meaning or validity of paired events before people encounter those pairings influences explicit and implicit evaluations whereas doing so after the pairings influences explicit but not implicit evaluations (e.g., Gregg, Seibt, & Banaji, 2006;Peters & Gawronski, 2011;Zanon et al, 2014; although see Moran, Bar-Anan, & Nosek, 2017).…”