The effect of thickness on the compression failure of composite laminates in fire

Loh, Thomas W.; Kandare, Everson; Nguyen, Kevin

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115334

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Gibson et al [14] slightly modified the thermal equation by Henderson et al [15] to consider the conversion rate of the polymer matrix. Some studies on the thermal response of composites were derived [16][17][18][19][20][21][22], in accordance with the thermal response model established by Henderson et al [15] and Gibson et al [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Pyrolysis Kinetics Analysis and Prediction for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Xiao,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites have poor high temperature resistance and are prone to thermal damage during service in the aerospace field. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) characteristics of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites and reasonably predict their thermal decomposition under arbitrary temperature conditions. The kinetic analysis was conducted on the thermal decomposition of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (USN15000/9A16/RC33, supplied by Weihai GuangWei Composites Co., Ltd. Weihai City, Shandong Province, China) under a nitrogen environment, and an improved model of pyrolysis prediction suitable for the arbitrary temperature program was developed in this work. The results showed that the carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites begin to degrade at about 500 K, and the peak value of the weight loss rate at the respective heating rate appears in the range of 650 K to 750 K. A single-step reaction can characterize the thermal decomposition of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites in a nitrogen atmosphere, and a wide variety of isoconversional approaches can be used for the calculation of the kinetic parameters. The proposed model of pyrolysis prediction can avoid numerous limitations of temperature integration, and it shows good prediction accuracy by reducing the temperature rise between sampling points. This study provides a reference for the kinetic analysis and pyrolysis prediction of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Pyrolysis Kinetics Analysis and Prediction for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Xiao,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…Subsequently, heat propagates inward, wherein the protective interlayers effectively diminish the heat conductivity. The decomposition of the laminate through thickness slows down, reducing the thermal conductivity and average temperature through thickness, and delays the softening of the matrix as the thickness of the laminate increases. , As the specimen withstands the fire resistance test for a longer time, a higher temperature is reached at the back of the specimen in the moment of failure.…”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sacrifice Few to Save Many: Fire Protective Interlayers in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

Tabaka,

Meinel,

Schartel

2024

ACS Omega

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The fire protection of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates often relies on flame-retardant coatings, but in some applications, their efficacy may diminish upon direct fire exposure due to rapid pyrolysis. This study introduces an innovative approach by integrating protective interlayers within the laminate structure to enhance the fire resistance. Various materials, including ceramic composite WHIPOX, titanium foil, poly(ether imide) (PEI) foil, basalt fibers, rubber mat, and hemp fibers, were selected as protective interlayers. These interlayers were strategically placed within the laminate layout to form a sacrificial barrier, safeguarding the integrity of the composite. Bench-scale fire resistance tests were conducted, where fire (180 kW/m2) was applied directly to the one side of the specimen by a burner while a compressive load was applied at the same time. Results indicate significant prolongation of time to failure for CFRP laminates with protective interlayers, which is up to 10 times longer. This innovative approach represents a potential advance in fire protection strategies for CFRP laminates, offering improved resilience against fire-induced structural failure.

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“…The effects of different material systems, flame‐retardants, ply thickness, and fire exposure durations on thermal damage development and char/soot formation in initially undamaged composite laminates are well characterized. [ 13–33 ] For example, Vieille et al [ 34 ] assessed the residual moduli and strengths of 8‐ply unidirectional and quasi‐isotropic carbon fiber/polyether ketone ketone (C/PEKK) thermoplastic composite laminates subjected to fire testing with kerosene fuel at a temperature of 1100°C. After 15 min flame exposure, unidirectional C/PEKK laminates experienced 40% and 60% reductions in modulus and strength, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire impact on mechanically failed graphite/epoxy composites

et al. 2023

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Aircraft crashes often initiate or accompany fire incidents. Post‐crash fires, in particular, can mask or destroy critical fractographic failure features necessary for accident reconstruction. As a first step in developing a coherent strategy for composite aircraft post‐crash forensic analysis, a series of vertical flame tests were performed on mechanically failed Cytec T40‐800/Cycom® 5215 graphite/epoxy unnotched compression, short beam strength, and in‐plane shear specimens. Visual inspection and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the specimens fracture surfaces before and after fire testing. The fire‐induced damage included matrix decomposition, melt dripping, char, soot, delamination, and residual thickness increases. The composite thermal degradation was significantly influenced by the specimen stacking sequence, the fracture surface morphology, and the total available free surface area. In addition, microscopic inspection showed that char layers impeded heat conduction and oxygen transfer to the interior of the specimens resulting in less thermal damage to the underlying plies. Moreover, burned specimens with more available free surface area sustained more thermal degradation and fire combustion damage for a given fire exposure duration. Exposed fiber bundles from the fracture surfaces were susceptible to severe thinning and thermal oxidation, which destroyed critical fractographic failure features necessary for accident reconstruction.

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The effect of thickness on the compression failure of composite laminates in fire

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Pyrolysis Kinetics Analysis and Prediction for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Pyrolysis Kinetics Analysis and Prediction for Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites

Sacrifice Few to Save Many: Fire Protective Interlayers in Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

Fire impact on mechanically failed graphite/epoxy composites

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