The effect of time of night on wake–dream continuity.

Malinowski, Josie E.; Horton, Caroline L.

doi:10.1037/a0037817

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We also observed a trend for future-oriented dreams to become proportionally more common later in the night, as participants move toward morning waking. This echoes a small-sample study by Malinowski & Horton [ 55 ], which observed a non-significant but substantially sized increase in participant-rated similarity of dreams to future events across the night. In a subsequent study, the same authors also reported that late in the night, participant ratings of recent-memory incorporation were correlated with their ratings of future-event incorporation [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Constructive episodic simulation in dreams

Wamsley

2022

PLoS ONE

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Memories of the past help us adaptively respond to similar situations in the future. Originally described by Schacter & Addis in 2007, the “constructive episodic simulation” hypothesis proposes that waking thought combines fragments of various past episodes into imagined simulations of events that may occur in the future. This same framework may be useful for understanding the function of dreaming. N = 48 college students were asked to identify waking life sources for a total of N = 469 dreams. Participants frequently traced dreams to at least one past or future episodic source (53.5% and 25.7% of dreams, respectively). Individual dreams were very often traced to multiple waking sources (43.9% of all dreams with content), with fragments of past memory incorporated into scenarios that anticipated future events. Waking-life dream sources are described in terms of their phenomenology and distribution across time and sleep stage, providing new evidence that dreams not only reflect the past, but also utilize memory in simulating potential futures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Constructive episodic simulation in dreams

Wamsley

2022

PLoS ONE

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“…In this study, all dreams were collected at home without controlling for the time of night when participants’ dreams occurred. The lack of control may lead to potential errors, as evidence suggests that waking-life elements are represented with different frequencies from the early to the late night, and late-night dreams are more bizarre (Malinowski & Horton, 2014c). The bizarreness of dreams may affect participants’ ratings for the incorporation of waking-life experiences into dreams.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for preferentially dreaming of waking-life experiences that are relevant to one’s life story.

Xu¹,

Huang²

2021

Dreaming

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The continuity hypothesis of dreaming proposes that waking-life experiences can be incorporated into dreams. On the other hand, it is proposed that dreams may reflect the process of sleep-dependent consolidation for autobiographical memories. A model of autobiographical memory emphasizes the self's role and goals in remembering. Based on this model, we hypothesized that waking-life experiences that are relevant to one's life story are preferentially incorporated into dreams. Participants (N = 30) kept daily logs and dream diaries for 7 consecutive days, and they matched waking-life experiences to dream reports. In addition, two external judges rated the degree to which each event was meaningful. Our results showed that waking-life experiences that were incorporated into dreams were more emotional and more meaningful and had more impact on one's life than those that were not incorporated into dreams. These results may support our hypothesis.

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“…Some of the studies included codings for aggressive and friendly interactions, but aggression and friendliness are not among the five to seven basic emotions that are generally agreed upon by research psychologists (e.g., anger, apprehension/fear, sadness, disgust/contempt, surprise, love, and joy; e.g., Ekman, 1992, 2016; Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O’Connor, 1987). On the basis of these points, it can be seen that any emphasis on the incorporation of waking emotional experiences into dreams is an offshoot of Schredl’s (2006, 2012) experiential incorporation hypothesis, which could be called the emotion assimilation hypothesis to distinguish it from the continuity hypothesis (e.g., Malinowski & Horton, 2014, 2016; Schredl, 2006; van Rijn, Eichenlaub, & Blagrove, 2016).…”

Section: Looking For Continuity In All Of the Wrong Placesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invasion of the concept snatchers: The origins, distortions, and future of the continuity hypothesis.

Domhoff¹

2017

Dreaming

119

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This article explains the origins and development of the continuity hypothesis in work by cognitively oriented dream researchers. Using blind quantitative analyses of lengthy dream series from several individuals, in conjunction with inferences presented to the individual dreamers to corroborate or reject, these researchers discovered that the same conceptions and personal concerns that animate waking thought are very often enacted in dreams. Other types of studies later supported this finding. The article argues that the cognitive origins and definition of the continuity hypothesis have been distorted by those dream researchers who mistakenly claim that the concept is focused on dreaming as an incorporation of everyday experiences. A review of the literature on experiential and experimental influences on dreams, which includes studies of day residues, the experimental manipulation of presleep events, the incorporation of during-sleep stimuli, laboratory references in laboratory-collected dreams, and the influence of routine daily events, reveals that none of them is very influential and most are trivial. The article concludes that those who study experiential factors should adopt a phrase such as "incorporation hypothesis" to avoid confusion in the literature and make clear that the continuity hypothesis is a central one in an emerging neurocognitive theory of dreams. The intensity of personal concerns and interests, not the events of the day, shape central aspects of dream content. In particular, the frequency of characters or activities reveals the intensity of various concerns, and these concerns can be discovered for individuals through comparisons with normative findings.

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The effect of time of night on wake–dream continuity.

Cited by 12 publications

References 25 publications

Constructive episodic simulation in dreams

Constructive episodic simulation in dreams

Evidence for preferentially dreaming of waking-life experiences that are relevant to one’s life story.

The invasion of the concept snatchers: The origins, distortions, and future of the continuity hypothesis.

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