The Effect of Tobacco Blend Additives on the Retention of Nicotine and Solanesol in the Human Respiratory Tract and on Subsequent Plasma Nicotine Concentrations during Cigarette Smoking

Abstract

The influence of the tobacco additives diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea on the delivery and respiratory tract retention of nicotine and solanesol and on the uptake of nicotine into venous blood was investigated in 10 smokers under mouth-hold and 75 and 500 mL inhalation conditions. Three cigarettes with identical physical specifications were produced from a common lamina tobacco blend. The control cigarette contained nonammoniated reconstituted tobacco sheet (RTS), whereas DAP and other ammonia compounds were added to the RTS of the second cigarette. Urea was added to the tobacco of the third cigarette. The presence of DAP or urea in the test cigarettes did not significantly influence solanesol retention within the mouth during the mouth-hold condition. Nicotine retention within the mouth during the mouth-hold condition was, however, significantly higher for the DAP cigarette (64.3 +/- 10.5%) than for the urea (53.3 +/- 11.3%) or control cigarette (46.3 +/- 8.6%), but this did not result in an increase in nicotine uptake into venous blood. Solanesol retentions during the 75 and 500 mL inhalation volume conditions and nicotine retentions during the 75 mL inhalation volume condition were not significantly different for the three cigarette types. Although the nicotine retention approached 100% with each cigarette type during the 500 mL inhalation condition, the nicotine retention for the urea-treated cigarette (99.6 +/- 0.2%) was marginally, but statistically, significant, higher than for the control (99.1 +/- 0.5%) and DAP-treated cigarettes (98.8 +/- 0.6%). There were no statistically significant differences between the indices of nicotine uptake into venous blood for the three cigarette types in any of the inhalation conditions.

The Retention of Tobacco Smoke Constituents in the Human Respiratory Tract

“…Mullard et al reported the average total retention of solanesol (smoke particulate matter) as 48 ± 8% (Table 16) using an inhalation volume that 15% of the subjects' vital capacity. This inhalation volume of 15% of the subjects' vital capacity equates to a volume of 500-600 ml, so the retention of 48% reported by Mullard et al is lower than the 61% reported by Frost et al and the 66% reported by Armitage et al (2004aArmitage et al ( , 2004b) (see next section). This is likely to be due to differences in the experimental methodology used in the various studies.…”

Nicotine Induces the Production of IL-1� and IL-8 via the a7 nAChR/NF-κB Pathway in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells: anin VitroStudy

“…Nicotine, the main component of tobacco, is a natural alkaloid. The average nicotine amount per cigarette ranges from 1 to 1.8 mg, and saliva concentrations could reach 115 ng/ml, as measured by gas-liquid chromatography [3,4]. Nicotine-induced pathological changes in human periodontal tissue alter the morphology and structure of cells, decrease bone volume and cause loss of teeth [1,5,6,7,8].…”

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

“…Therefore, after hitting the lung surface nicotine always exists in a 20:80 ratio of un-protonated:mono-protonated nicotine regardless of the form it enters the lungs. A small study by ARMITAGE et al (131) showed in 2004 that the treatment of cigarette tobacco with urea or diammonium hydrogen phosphate failed to increase the venous blood levels of nicotine in smokers compared to additive free control cigarettes. The study investigated the delivery and respiratory tract retention of nicotine and solanesol from cigarettes containing urea or diammonium hydrogen phosphate in ten smokers under the conditions of mouth-holding and inhaling volumes of 75 mL and 500 mL.…”