The Effect of Topography on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation in the Philippines

Abstract

<p>In this study, we examine the effect of the Cordillera Mountain Range (CMR) in Luzon, Philippines on Tropical Cyclone (TC) precipitation. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we simulated multiple TC events with three different terrain profiles: control, reduced CMR, and enhanced CMR. We find that for most of the TC cases overland precipitation increases as mountain height increases. To further understand the interaction between TC precipitation and the mountain range, we examine the effects of relevant dynamical fields, including mountain slope, incoming perpendicular wind speed, and the moist Froude Number (F<sub>w</sub>). We highlight that TC precipitation is strongly and positively correlated with the product of approaching wind speeds and mountain slope. It is hypothesized that stronger winds along steeper mountain slopes translate to vertical motion which in turn causes higher amounts of precipitation, especially during TC events. In contrast,  the linear relationships with other variables are less clear. It is also worth noting that a significant weakening of TCs may cause less rainfall overland, which is an indirect effect of the mountain range on TC precipitation. Understanding the interactions between TCs and mountain ranges may help in regional quantitative precipitation forecasting efforts in the mountainous regions of the Philippines.</p>

Implementation of Sinaka Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education in Indigenous Peoples Education Curriculum: A Qualitative Study

“…The Philippines is a community with an amusing range in language culture. It is believed that the Philippines has more than 170 languages (Racoma, 2014). Succeedingly, the first language used by the teachers in implementing the MTB-MLE was Visayan and not Manobo language (Baguingan, 2010) which clearly have downfalls and issues in the purpose of implementing MTB-MLE in the area.…”